B R O
In Italy, they are called fate fan fratelli, or, abbreviately, ben- fratell'h becaufe antiently, in begging alms, they ufed that for- mula j fignifying as much as, Do well, or do good, my bre- thren. In Spain, they are called brothers of hofpitality ; in France, freres de la charite.
They were firft founded at Granada by St , John de Dieu : a fecond eftablifhment was made at Madrid, in the year 1553. The order was confirmed by pope Gregory XIII. in 157 2, and feveral privileges given to it, which have been increafed by fuc- ceeding popes. Gregory XIV. forbad them to take holy or- ders, or to make folemn profeflion ; ordering, that, for the fu- ture, they mould only make avow of poverty and hofpitality, and be governed by a major, and fubjecl to the bifhop : but he afterwards reftored them to the right of erecting a general. In 1609, leave was granted by pope Paul V. that a few of the brothers might be admitted into orders; and, in 1611, that they might make the folemn vows of monks, with the addition of a fourth, that they would wait on the fick. In 1619, the fame pope exempted them from the jurifdiclion of the bifhop, which his fucceffor Urban VIII. reftrained to thofe hofpitals wherein there were at leaft twelve religious. The brothers of charity in Spain have been fince feparated from the reft, and have their general ap-rtj and thofe of France, Germany, Poland, and Italy, have the like,who refide atRome. The brothers of charity were firft introduced into France in i6or,byMaryofMedicis, who gave them a houfe in the faux bourg St. Germain, where they havefincc built a fine hofpital. Vid. Helyot. Hift. des Ore!. Monaft. T. 4. c. 18. Trev. Diet. Univ. T, 2. p. 2024, feq. Brothers of charity of St. Hippolytus, a religious congregation firft fet on foot by Alvarez, acitizen ofMexico, in 1585, who aflcciated with him feveral other pious perfons, to attend on the fick, and founded an hofpital without the wall of that city ; which being approved of by the pope, and the number of like hofpitals incrcafmg, a congregation was formed under the title of the charity of St. Hippolytus, by reafon the firft hofpital had been dedicated to that faint, on whofe feaft-day the city firft: fell into the hands of theChriftians. Clement vlll. in 1594, granted them all the privileges of the brothers of the charity of St. John de Dieu.
At firft; they only made two vows, one of charity, the other of poverty; quitting the congregation when they pleafed. To tye them fail, Clement VIII. ordered them to make vows of perpetual hofpitality and obedience. In J700, Innocent XII. admitted them to make the folemn vows of chaftity, poverty, obedience, and hofpitality, under the rule of St. Auguftin, and erected their congregation into a religious order, under the pro- tection of the holy fee. Vid. Bonan. Catal. Ord.Relig. P. 1. Helyot. Hift. des Ord. Monafl. T. 4. c. 19. Trev. loc. cit. Brothers of Death, a denomination ufually given to the reli- gious of the order of St. Paul, the firft hermit. See the article Hermit, CycL
They arc called brothers of death, fratres a morte, on account of the figure of a death's head, which they were always to have with them, in order to keep perpetually before them the thoughts of death.
Their origin is not well known ; by their conftitutions, which were made in 162c, it fhould fcem they had not been efla- blifhed long before pope Paul V. who approved of thefe con- ftitutions; and Lewis XIII. by letters patent, in 1 621, permit- ted them to fettle in France. But it is probable, this order of brothers of death was fupprefted by pope Urban VIII. Helyot. ubi fupr. T. 3. c. 44. Trev- loc. cit. Brothers of penitence, or of the penitence ofjefus Chrijl, a name given at Thouloufe to the religious of the third order of St. Francis, called alfo Beguini ; and to a fraternity of peni- tents held in the chapel of the church of the third order, under the direction of the Beguini. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 2. p. 2025. See Beguins, CycL Pjvrf Brothers, Fratres pit, a denomination given to all monks, whofe habit was partly white, partly black ; they were other- wife called Agaches. Du Cange, GloJT. Lat. T. 2. p, 529. Trev. Diet, ubi fupr. p. 2026. Brothers of St. Gregory the Illuminator, a religious order eftablifhed in Armenia, in the r 4th century, which being much reduced and decayed by the conquefts of the Turks and Per- fians, was, in 1356, united to die order of St. Dominic. Trev. Diet. ibid. Joyful Brothers, Fratres gaudentes, in Italy, denote the knights of the order of the Virgin Mary, firft inftituted at Bologna in 1 26 1, for whom a rule was prefcribed by pope Ur- ban IV. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 2. p. 528. The fame name was alfo given to divers of the Minorites, who lived in a loofer manner than the reft; fometimes alfo called Beguini. See the article Beguins, CycL Poor Brothers, in the Charter-houfe, a denomination given to decayed gentlemen, to the number of 80, who are fubfifted with diet, cloathing and lodging, on the eftablifliment. See the article Charter-house, CycL
The poor brothers are to be gentlemen by defcent, come to po- verty, or decayed merchants, foldiers, or officers of the king's fioufhold. _ The conditions of admiffion are, that they have no eftate for life worth 200 I. nor coming in, viis c5" mocks, 24 I. per annum; and that they be fifty years old, unlefs they have Sup?l. Vol. I, .
BRO
fottS %iZ? "Th' PuUic f< f !ce; in wh!ch <*> «k age of forty fumces They wear a livery-gown within doors. New View of Lond. T. 2. feft. 6". p 772
White Brothers, the name of a fel which appeared in R uffia towards the beginning of the I4 th century ; fo called from their white cloaks, on which was a St. Andrew's croft of a green colour. They pretended to immediate revelation, Whereby God had enjoined them to recover the Holy land out of the hands of the infidels; but they were of no lone- dura- tion. °
Brothers of Arm!, an appellation given thofe who contraft a kind of fraternity in war, obliging themfclves to the mutual iervice and affiftance of each other.
Lame or maimed Brothers, among alchemifls, denote the im- perfefl metals which are to be cured of their lamenefs by the perfefl elixir; , e. are to be purified and feparated from their drofs, &V. by the plnlofopher's ftone. Trev. Dia Univ T 2. p. 2026.
BROWS, or Eye-brows, Supercilia, are two hairy arches above the orbits of the eyes, bunching out by means of fome fat un- der the skin in this place.
That end next the nofe is called the head, caput, the other the tail, cauda, of the eye-brow.
The life of the eye-brows is partly to break the rays of light de- fending from above, that they may not dait too ftrongly into the eyes ; and partly to be a (kreen to the eyes from fweat, dull, or other matters defending from the forehead. Heijl. Comp. Anat. §. 276. p. 213. Keil, Comp; Anat. c. 4. &. 4. p. 191.
Bnov-pojl, in carpentry, a beam which goes acrofs or over- thwart a building. Neve, Build. Dia. in voc
Bttovi-antler, the firft branch of the horn of a hart or buck, flioot- mg out from the beam or main horn next the head. Cox, Gent. Recr. P. 1. p. 12.
BROWALLIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The perianthium is very fliort ; it confifts of one leaf of a tubular form, divided into five fig- ments at the edge, and remains after the flower is fallen ; its legments are fomewhat unequal in fize ; the flower confifts of one petal, and is of a funnel-fhape ; the tube is cylindric, and ot twice the length of the cup ; the verge is even and divided into five roundifh fegments, the upper one bcino a little
_ larger than the others ; the ftamina are four filaments "placed in the upper part of the tube of the flower, and hid by the um- bilicus of the verge ; they are all fliort, but particularly two of them are much fhorter than the others ; the anther* are Am- ple, crooked, and conniving together ; the germen of the pif- til is oval ; the ftyle is capillary, of the length of the tube of the flower; the ftigma is thick, obtufe and emarginated ; the fruit is an obtufe oval capfule, containing only one cell, and opening at the top into four parts, when ripe ; the feeds are fmall, and very numerous, and the receptacle large. Limxi Gen. Plant, p. 301.
BROWN, a dufky kind of colour, inclining fomewhat towards rednefs.
Dyers diftinguifh divers fliades and gradations of brown, a fad brown, London brown, clove brown, purple brown, walnut-tree brown, C3r.
Spamfl, brown is a dull red colour, ufed by houfe-paihters, chiefly for priming, as being cheap and eafy to work. Snath, Art Paint, c. 2. p. 22. Neve, Build. Dia. in voc.
Brown bay, in the manege, is underftood of horfes of a very dark chefnut colour. Savor. Difl. Comm. T. 1 p 403 See the article Bay, Cycl. and Suppl.
BROWNISTS {Cycl.)— Lipfenius and Konig, by a grofs mif- take, make Sir Thomas Brown the founder of the fea of Brownijls »: Bifhop Hall wrote againft the Brownijls. Ro- binfon compofed an apology for them »; — [Strttti. Introd. Hift Liter, c. 1. §. 4. p. ia. b M I ntro d. Hift. Theol. I. 3! fea. 11. p. 384.] i
Pagit aftures, that the Brownijls were extinguiflied early ; Ro- bert Brown himfelf renouncing his errors, died parfon of Ay- church in Norfhamptonfhire, and his followers were foon fwept away ; infomuch that, according to the teftimony of George Johnfon, not one of them, then alive, continued faith- ful '. But this muft be taken cum gram falls. Thedefeaion of their founder, and the divifions among themfelves, made them afliime new names, and adopt peculiar tenets, from their refpeflive chiefs ; as the Brownijls, who held the church of England to be Sodom, Babylon, and Egypt ; the Wilkinfo- nians, who affirmed themfelves apoftles, as much as Peter or Paul ; the Johnfonians, who pretended to be the true antient Brownijls ; the Ainfworthians, who arrogated this honour to themfelves, treating the former as apoftates ; the Robinfonians who accufed both the former of being renegadoes and fchifma- tics. Some even rank the Anabaptifts in the number of Brownijls ".—{"Pagit, Hierefiogr. p. 55. i Id. ibid, a 7 ... feq.] See the article Anabaptist, Cycl. and Suppl. BROWSE, the tops of the branches of trees, whereon beafts feed. This is fometimes alfo called brouce, and bruttle ■ pro- bably from the French brtut, which iignifies the fame. 'Diet. Ruft. T. 1. in voc. Browse more properly denotes the food which deer find in young copfes, continually fprouting anew.
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