GAM
Antiquarians obferve; that all the modern towns among Us, whofe names end in ccfter, or chefter, were originally thefe cajfra hyberna of the Romans.
Mooned Camps, cajira lunata, thofe made in figure of a half- moon. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. i. p.. 376.
Tcrtiated Camps, cajira Tertiata, thofe which were a third part longGr than broad, which Hyginus reprefents as the Roman model. Scbcl. in Hyg'in. Grav. Thsef. Art. R. T. 10. p. 1087. Cajira in quantum fieri potuerit tertiata effe debebant — ut pitta in longimi duo millia quadringentt, in latum mille fexcenii pedes. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 377.
Jsfaval Camp, cajira nantica, or navalia, denoted a fiation of fhips. Caf. Bell. Gall. 1. 5. c. 22.
City Camp, cajira urbana, was a place near the city wall, not far from the via nojnentana, where the praetorian guards were encamped; whence it was alfo called the prctorian camp, ca- fira prestcria, or prectoriar.a il . The like we alfo read of at Jerufalem, called by St. Luke abfolutely the camp, wetatySaM b . By which we are doubtlefs to underirand the cajira antonia, which Jofephus tells us, was afterwards ufed as a caftle c . — [* Suet, in Claud, c. 21. Capitol, in Vit. Balbin, c. 10. Vet. Schol. Juven. ad Sat. 10. v. 95. Tacit. Ann. 1. 4. c. 1, 6 Luke, c. 21. v. 34 and 37. c Fab. Thef p. 4.S5.]
Camp is alfo ufed among the Siamefe and Kail-Indians, for a quarter of a town afligned to foreigners, wherein to carry on their commerce.
In thefe camps, each nation forms itfelf a kind of city apart, in which their ftore houfes and fhops are, and the factors and their families rcfide.
The Europeans at Siam, and in molt other cities of the Eaft, are exempted from this reftra'mt, and allowed to live in the cities or fuburbs. as they find them moft commodious. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 538, feq.
Camp Duty, in its utmoft extent, includes every part of the fer- vice performed by the troops during the campaign. But in a more particular fenfc, denotes the guards ordinary and extra- ordinary kept in camps. Bland, Milk. Difcipl. c. 15. P. 1. p. 206.
A great part of the camp duty is performed in the fame man- ner as that of a garifon.
Camp Colour-men, are foldiers appointed to attend and affift the quartcrmafter general, in marking out and keeping the camp clean, receiving and diftributing provifions, &c. The camp colour-men, are drawn a man out of a company, and are exempt from all other duty during the campaign : each carries either a fpade or a hatchet. Bland, Milit. Difcipl. c. 17. Art. 3. p. 247, feq.
C amp fight, or ICamp- fight, in law writers, denotes the trial of a caufe by duel, or a legal combat of two champions in the field, for decifion of fome controverfy. Kerrn. Gloff. ad Pa- roch. Antiq. voc. Bellum. Coke, 3. Inftit. p. 221. In the trial by camp-fight, the accufcr was, with the peril of his own body, to prove the accufed guilty ; and by ofiering him his glove, to challenge him to this trial, which the other muft either accept of, or acknowledge himfelf guilty of the crime whereof he was accufed.
]f it were a crime deferving death, the camp-fight was for life and death: if the offence deferved only imprifonment, the camp-fight was accomplifhed when one combatant had fubdued the other, fo as either to make him yield, or take him pri- foner. The accufed had liberty to chufe another to fight in his ftead, but the accufer was obliged to perform it in his own perfon, and with equality of weapons.
No women were permitted to be fpeclators, nor men under the age of 13. The prieft and the people who looked on, were engaged filenrly in prayer, that the victory might fall to him who had right. None might cry, fhriek, or five the leaft fign j which in fome places was executed with fo much irrictnefs, that the executioner flood ready with an ax to cut off the right hand or foot of the party that fhould offend here- in.
He that being wounded, yielded himfelf, was at the others mercy either to be killed or fufFered to live. But if life were granted him, he was declared infamous by the judge, and dif- abled from ever bearing arms, or riding on horfeback. Ver- Jieg. Reftit. Dec. Intell. c. 3. p. 51.
Camp-£aw, a method of deciding controverfics by duel or camp-fight. See CAuv-fight.
Camp Difeafes, msrbt eajirenfes, thofe chiefly prevalent in ar- mies. Under camp, ox field difeafes, come the plague, malig- nant fever, fcurvy, flux, &c. Willius, phyfieian to the king of Denmark, has a treatife on camp difeafes. De Morbis Ca" ffrenfibus Internis. Hafn. 1676, 4to. Phil. Tranf. N° 136. p. 91b'. See Disease.
The camp difeafe, morhm cajirenfis, abfolutely fo called, is a malignant fever. Dudley Digges died of the camp difeafe, which raged in the garifon at Oxford, in 1643 ■. On which Fd. Greaves, phyfieian to K. Charles II. has a treatife ex- prefs under the title of Morbus Epidemicus, or the New Di- feafe b . — [ a #W. Ath. Oxon. T. 2. n. 37. p. 32, feq
- Oxon. 1643. Vid. Tfood. lib. cit. n. 528. p. 669J
Camp Fever, febns cajirenfis, a fpecies of malignant and con ■ ugious fever, ufiijlly epidemical, thus denominated by reafon
ifenh
is va- only
CAM
fcffieb ih camp are more thah ordinary liable to it Fund. Medic. T. 2. tab. 150. c. 22. p. 637,. The cam} fever is the fame with what is ofherwife called the hunganan lever, and bears a near affinity to the petechial fe- ver. See Fever. Camp Flux, a name frequently given to the dyfehtery ; hot as if it were of a different kind in armies, but by reafon it IS more ufual there than clfcwhere.
CAMPANA-/W, in botany, a name given by Helwing and iome other of the German authors to the plant we call "pulfa- tita, or the pajfe flower. It was named ctimfana flora, or floras bell, by Helwing, becaufe of its being the fignal of the approach of fprmg, and as it Were the caller forth of the other flowers.
This author has written a compleat treatife on this plant. He obferves, that the antients did not know die name pulfatilk, but that it was given to it by the Italians, from the pulfatile motion of the long threads of down which are fattened to its feeds, and are thrown into a tremulous undulation by everf breath of wind. Diofcorides Teems to have made it an ane- mone, and Pliny Calls it limonium, a word very likely to oc- cafion much milunderftanding in the hafty reader, as we know a very different plant at this time under that name; and ma- ny others have ranked it among the ranunculi or crowfoots. We generally find the pulfatilta on dry and barren places; as fandy hills, flerile downs, and the like ; but this author tells us, that in Pruffia, it is moft frequent in woods, and among pines and firs, and often is found in a loofe, fpungy, and wet foil- There is in Pruffia, a very remarkable fpecies of it, ac- cording to this author, which has a White flower ; the leaves are of the jagged kind, and referable thofe of the anemone, and the back part of the petals is tinged with a faint blue. The whole genus of the pulfatillm, are of an acrid and caii- ftic quality, approaching to that of the ranunculus; and if they are given internally, without proper correctors, are poi- fonous ; but like the colchicum root, and fome other of thofe cauftic plants, when given with proper mixtures, and in pro- per dofes, it proves a very valuable alexipharmic : externally it is of great fervice in cleanfing foul ulcers. Hclwii.g, de Campana Floras.
CAMPANI AN Difeafe, morius camp-anus, in antiquity », i rioufly explained by modern writers. Some will have' it «., a fort cf tubercles, or warts on the face, to which the people of Campania were liable *. Others maintain it to be the ve- nereal difeafe ; and hence draw an argument againfr the fup- pofed novelty of that malady '. Dacier will have it to be fomething Mill worfe; the Campanians, it feems, were ad- difled to a fort of commerce too abominable to be named} ore morigcri erant. Whence it is, Plautus reprefents them as more pathic or paffive, than the Syrians themfelves d .— [» Hor. Sat: 5.I. 1. v. 62. b Vid. Jour, des Scav. T. 3?. p. 1220! Heder. Schul. Lex. p. 667. c Jour, des Scav. loc: cit. "Da- cier, Not. fur Hor. fat. 5. 1. 1. v. 62.]
CAMPANIFORMIS Flos, in botany, the term ufed for a flower refembling a bell in fhape, and making the character of one oi Mr. Tournefort's genus's.
He defines the campanifirm flower to be compofed of one leaf and form'd into the fliape of a bell, but with fome differences' in the figure, which conftitute four fubordinate fpecies. 1. The bell-flower, fimply'fo called, which approaches to no'othef figure but that expreffed by that name. 2. The tubular nar- row kind, which is always confiderably long. 3. The expanded kind, which opens very wide at the extremity, and reprefents in fome degree, a difh or bafon. And, 4. The globular "bell- flower, the mouth of which is narrower and fmaller than the belly. See Tab. j. of Botany, Clafs 1 . Twmefm's Inft D -6
CAMPARCIUM. See Champa a t. "
CAMPANOLOGIA; the art or fcience of ringing bells.
An anonymous author has publifhed a campamlegia improved' or the art of ringing made eafy, by plain and methodical rules, and direflions for ringing all manner of double, triple, of quadruple changes, with variety of new peals upon c 6' 7, 8 and 9 bells; as alfo the method for calling bobs for any peal of triples from 168 to 2500; (being the half peal) alfo for any peal of quadruples or cators, from 324 to 113^3. Lond. 1703. 12 .
CAMPANULA, in botany; the name of a very large genus of plants) the characters of which are thefe : The flower coniifis of one leaf, and is of the fhape of a bell, whence the plants of this genus have the Englifh name beK-finver . The flower is divided into feveral figments at the end, and its cup finally becomes a membranous fruit divided into three or more cells ' with an axis fixed in the commiff'urc, and furnifhed with three placentas, to which adhere a' great numbers of feeds. Jn fome fpecies thefe are extremely fmall, in others, they arelarsrer' flat and oval, and furrouhded with a fort of r'ma ; thefe are! difperfed abroad, when ripe, through a hole which each cell has. See Tab. 1; of Botany, Clafs 1. Tvum. Inft. p. 108. The fpecies of this genus enumerated by Mr. Toumefort are thefe : 1, The greateft broad-leaved. blue campanula, with laree flowers, called by fome authors trachelium or throatwort. 2,. The great broad-leaved campanula, with white flowers. 3! The great broad-leaved ca;npanu!a, with grev flowers. 4-. The great broad-leaved campanula, with pale red flowers. 5.. The
greaj
