CAR
fyfccn found offificd ; of which a famous inftance happened iome years ago at Milan, where a malefactor was judged in- nocent, and fayed by a miracle, becaufe his afptia arteria being turned bony, he was nbt fuftbeated by the hangman's rope. Cbauv. Lex. Phil. p. 92.
Jrticnlati.f}g-CA'R t rix,AGES, See JoiixT-Cartilages.
CARTILAGINOUS Fijhes* thofe, whofe fpine, or back-bone, is of the confidence of a cartilage, being hollow withal, and containing medulla.
Cartilaginous fijbes are of two kinds; flat, as the raia orfkate ; and long and round, as the afellus or cod. Vide Aldrav. de pifc. I. 3. c. jr. Caji. Lex. Med p. 139. .
Cartilaginous leaf, among botanifts. See Leaf.
CARTOUCHE, or Cartooze, (Cycl.) in architecture, a member or ornament nearly akin to a mod ill ion ; from which it only differs in this, that the latter is ufed under the cornice in the eaves of a houfe, and the former in wainicotting within doors. Some workmen call the cartoozes dentils. See Den- tile, Cycl. Neve-, Build. Di£t. in voc. cartcoxes.
Cartouches, in heraldry, a name given to afortof ovalfhields, much ufed by the popes and fecular princes in Italy, and others, both clergy and laity, for the painting or engraving their arms on. Many fuppofe this form derogatory to the honour of the perfon ; but tho' the fquare fliield, with the rounded and pointed bottom, is more in ufe with us, as alfo with the French and Germans, yet this is fuppofed more truly the figure of the Roman ftfield worn by thefoldiery, and therefore more antient and honourable than either that or the indented fhield of the Germans. Ni/befs Heraldry, p. 12.
CARTRIDGE (CycJ.) — Cartridge-^, a wooden or iron cafe, covered with leather, holding a dozen or more mufket cartridges, borne by the foldicr on his belt, hanging a little above the right pocket-hole. Guilt. Gent. DiiSh P. 2, in voc.
CARVA, in botany, a name given by the Indians to one of the kinds of cinnamon tree. This is of all others the moft efteemed among them, and ferves for ihc moft purpofes. They extract camphor and a liquid oil from the roots ; they extract oil of cinnamon from the bark, and from the leaves they make another oil, which is called oil of cloves, and fold as fuch. The fruits yield them an oil refembling that of juniper, and afterwards they extract from them a thick, fat fubftance, like wax, ferving them for the making unguents and plaifters, and alfo for the making their candles. Hon. Malab.
CARVAGE, carvagium, the fame with carrucage. Kenn. GlofK ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. Carucata. Coiv. Interpr. voc. carve. See Carrucage.
Henry III is faid to have taken carvage, that is, two marks of filver of every knight's fee, towards the marriage of his fitter Ifabella to the emperor. Stow 9 Ann. p. 271. Cow. Interp. in voc. carve.
Carvage could only be impofed on the tenants in capite. Tyrr. Hift. of Engl. T. 4. p. 102.
Carvage alfo denotes a privilege whereby a man is exempted from the fervice of carrucage.
CARUCATARIUS, in antient law books, he that held land in ficcage, or by plough tenure. Kenn. GloIT. ad Paroc. Antiq. in voc. SeeSoccAGE, Cycl.
CARVER, a cutter of figures or other devices in wood. See Carving.
Carvers an'fwer to what the Romans culhdfcilptores, who were different from c&latores, or engravers, as thefe laft wrought in metal. Pancir. de Corp. Artif. §. 10. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 2. p. 712. voc. fadptores.
Carver is alfo an officer of the table, whofe bufmefs is to cut up the meat, and diftribute it to the guefts. The word is formed from the Latin carptor, which fignifies the fame. The Romans alfo called him carpus, fometim.es fcijfor, fcindendi magifter, wAjltuSlor. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1 . p. 368 . Jn the great families at Rome, the carver was an officer of fome figure. There were mafters to teach them the art regu- larly, by means of figures of animals cut in wood. Vld.Juven. fat. 1 1. v. 133. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 2. p. 867. voc.JimJores. The Greeks alto had their carvers, called At«rpo», q. d. deribi- tores, or diftributors. In the primitive times, the mafter of the feaft carved for all his guefts. Thus in Homer, when Agamemnon's embafiadors were entertained at Achilles's ta- ble, the hero himfelf carved the meat. Of latter times, the fame office on foJemn occafions was executed by fome of the chief men of Sparta a . Some derive the cuftom of distribut- ing to every gueft his portion, from thofe early ages when the Greeks firft left oft" feeding on acorns, and learned the ufe of corn. The new diet was fo great a delicacy, that to prevent the guefts from quarrelling about it, it was found neceflary to make a fair distribution b . — [ a Jtben. Deipnof. 1. 1. c. 10. b Pott. Arcbceol. I. 4. c. 20. j
CARUI, the carraway plant, in botany, the name of a genus of plants of the umbelliferous kind ; the characters of which are thefe: the flower is roiaceous, being compos'd of feveral heart- fafhioned petals, irregular in fize, and difpos'd in a circular form; the cup finally becomes a fruit, compos'd of two fmall oblong feeds, ftriated and gibbofe on one fide, and flat and fmooth on the other. To this it may be added, that the leaves are narrow, and fraud in pairs on their ribs. The fpecies of carui enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe j 1. I he com- Suppl. Vol. I.
CAR
mon carta, call'd by fome meadow cummin ; and, ■>. The fine- leav'd carui, with tuberofe roots. Town. Inlt. p 206. The feed of carui is one of the greater hot feeds ; it is ftcma- ch.c and carminative, and therefore good for the colic a bad d.geftion, weaknefs of fight; anddizzinefs of the head famtsi Mta Diet, m voc. carum.
CARVING, (Cycl.) in a general fenfe, the art or afl of amino- or rattiomfig a hard body by means of fome ihafp inftrument! elpecially a chiffel.
In which fenfe, carving includes ftatuary and engraving as well as cutting in wood.
Carving, in a more particular fenfe, is the aft of engraving or cutting figures in wood.
In this fenfe, taming, according to Pliny, is prior both to fta- tuary and painting. Plin. Hift Nat. 1. 36. c. 5. Pitifc Lex Ant. T. 2. p. 713, voc. fculptura.
To carve a figure or defign, it muft firft be drawn, or pafted on the wood ; which done, the reft of the block not covered by the lines of the delign, are to be cut away with litde nar- row-pointed knives. The wood fitteft for this ufe is that which is hard, tough and clofe, as beech, but efpecially box. To prepare it for drawing the defign on, they wafh it over with white lead, tempered in water, which better enables it either to bear ink or the crayon, or even to take the iirrpreiEon by chalking. When the defign is to be pafted on the wood this whitening is omitted, and they content themfelvcs to fee the wood well planed. Then wiping over the printed fide of the figure with gum tragacanth diiiblvcd in water,- they clap it fmooth on the wood, and let it dry; which done, they wet it flightly over, and fret off the furface of the paper gently, till all the ftrokes of the figure appear diftmctly. This done, they fall to cutting, or carving, as above. Salm. Polwr 1 2'
CAR VIST, in falconry See Falcon.
CARYATES, K«p r ,., s , in antiquity, a feftival in honour of Diana, furnamed Caryatis, held at Caryum, a city of Laconia. The chief ceremony was a certain dance, faid to have beeri invented by Caftor and Pollux, and perform'd by the virgins of the place. °
During Xerxes's invafion, the Laconians not darino-to appear and celebrate the cuftomary folemnity, to prevent incurring the Goddefs's anger by fuch an intermiftion, the neighbouring fwains are faid to have aflembled and fung paftorals o? imalifmT, which is faid to have been the origin of bucolic poetry' Mcurs. Grac. Fer. Cajlelan de Fed. Grax. Pott. Arch! Grrec, 1. 2 c. 20. See Caryatides, Cycl.
CARUNCULA (Cycl.) — Some have given the name caruncula to that pendant flefhy part, called uvula, or columella. See Uvula, Cycl. and Suppl.
Caruncula is alfo applied to certain flefhy morfels preter- naturally contained in divers parts and humours of the body. We fometimes meet with capillary caruncles excreted with the urine. Hlppecr, 4. Aph. 76. See Trichiasis Celfus alfo fpeaks of certain caruncula generated in the Ho- ftrils. Celf. de Medic. 1. 6. c. 8.
To the head of carunctilx alfo belong thofe flefhy excrefcences C3\\zi\ polypus's. Caft. Lex. Med. p. 140. See Poxyprjs Cycl. and Suppl.
CARUS (Cycl.) — Galen defcribes the earns as a privation of fenfe and motion through the whole body, the refpir.ition re- maining entire, followed by a profound fleep, the eyes always clofed : but fenfation not fo absolutely deftroyed, but that the patient can feel a punfture with a pin, tho' he is not thereby awakened either to open his eves or fpeak. Gal. de Loc AffeS. 1. 4. c. 2. Item Mclh. Med. I. 13. c. 21. Call Lex' Med. p. 13S. .
The cams is defcribed by modern pliyficians, as a drowfy dif- eafe, (lighter than an apoplexy, but feverer than a lethargy, and frequently degenerating into the former, occafioncd byan obftruction of the courfe and diffuiion of the animal fpirits from the medulla of the brain, towards the cortex thereof. Willis, de Anim. Brut. P. 2. c. 4.
CARYOCATACTES, in zoology, the name of a bird of the magpie kind, of a brownifh colour, all over beautifully va- riegated with white triangular fpots, and very full of white feathers about the anus and origin of the tail. The tail and long feathers of the wings are black, but variegated in fome places with white. It makes the fame fort of chattering noife with our magpie, and feeds on nuts and other fruits, and is common in the mountainous parts of Germany. Ray, Orni- tholog p. 90.
CARYOCOSTYNUM, in pharmacy, a kind of purging elec- tuary, the two principal ingredients of which, that gi"ve the denomination to the whole, are cloves, and coftus It works brifkly, and fetches the humours from the moil remote parts ■ whence, and by reafon of its warmth, it is brefcribed againft rheumatic, arthritic, hydropic, paralytic, &c. diforders. iuinc Pharm. P. j. §. 6. p. 4,-c. "**
CARYOPHYLLATA, avens, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flow -r is of thcrofaceous kind, confuting of feveral petals, difpofld in a circular form, and growing from the fegments of a one- leav'd cup, of a hollowed fhape. The piftil arife from the center of this cup, and finally becomes a rouudifli fruit, con- firming of a number of feeds, each ending in a lort of tad
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