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frying pan. Bellonius a riffures us, that at Grand Cairo and DamalVus there are abundance of ihops where people do no- thing eJfe but fry peafe, it being; a fort of provifion with which t ey funn'ih travellers. In Ethiopia they take barley with them, malted in the fame manner. In Turkey they lay "in a flock of rice on thefe occfions, which they prepare and (hell. The Hebrew term cell, fignifics properly any thing roafted in general ; and by it is undcrftood roafted peafe, rice or barley. Some will have even coffee to be meant by it b . — [ a Bellon. 1. 2. c.s-. b Calm. Di&.BibL] ClCERBlTA, in botany* a name given bv fome authors to the
common Ibnchus, crfowthiftle. Ge<\ Emac. Ind. 2, ClCERONlASTRI, or Ciceroniani, an appellation given bvwj.y of contempt to thofe moderns, who difpute the pro- priety of all expreffions and words not found in Cicero. Their pretences are certainly ill founded ; for as Cicero has not ■written on every fubjecf, it is impofiible his works fhould con- tain proper terms and exprefiions for every thing. It muft in- deed be allowed, that this truly illuftrious author is an excel- lent ftandard for the purity of Latin diction, but not the only one. Ac^-'-Rhet. 1. 4. p. 14.
CICERUM (apis, the chich flonc, in natural fuftory, a name given by fome authors to a fort of fmall round itones, of the nature of the pifolithc or pea-ftones, but fmaller than thofe ufiially arc, and of a dufky grey colour. They very exactly refemblc the fruit of the cicer or chich pea, and arc found in great abundance near the Old Jcrufalem. See PiSOLiTHUS.
CJLERELLUS, in ichthyology, a name given by Boccone, and Jbmc other authors, to the ammodytes or fand eel, the to- bianus of Schoneveldt. See Ammodytes.
CICHORIUA'I, fuccory, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the femifiofeular kind, being compofed of a great many femi- flofcules, which ftand upon the embryo fruits, and are con- tained in a common cup, which aitcrwaras contracts itfelf fo as to form a fort of capfule, containing a number of angular, umbilicated, and fomewhat wedge like or cuneiform feeds. The fpecies of factory enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: i.The common weed fuccory. 2. The factory, with rofe coloured flowers. 3. Thewhite flowered fucco'y. 4. The wild fuccory, with leaves fcarce at all divided. 5. The com- mon garden fuccory. 6 Thegardenywtva'^, with jagged Row- ers. 7. The white flowered garden fuccory 8. The broad- le.iv'd fuccory or common endive. 9. The white-flowered endive. 10. The narrow-leav'd endive. 11. The white- flowered, narrow-leav'd endive. 12. The curled leav'd fuccory. 13. Thecrctic prickly fuccory. 14. Thucret'ic fucco'y-, without thorns. See Tab. 1. of 15otany,Clafs 1 and Town. Inft. p. 478, The common fuccory ftands recommended by moft of the me- dical writers, as one of the beft known aperien s and deter- gents: it isprefcribed in all difeafes of the liver, and is a power ful diuretic. Schroder tells us, that it has alfo great virtues at- tributed to it againtt hemorrhages ; but it is not much regard- ed at prefent in that light.
CICINDELA, in natural hifr.ory, the m me of the glow-worm. See the article Pyrolampis.
Cicindela volam. See Ghow-zuorm.
CICLA, in botany, a name given by fome to the white beet. C. Bauhin. p. 118.
Cicla, in ichthyology, a name given by Artedi, and other late writers, to a fpecies of fifh. called cbichle by Ariftotle and iElian, and tardus minor by the generality of late writers. Artedi has taken its fize as an article of diftincfion, and has diftinguifhed it by the name of the c'tc.a pahnaris The eyes have a fine yellow iris ; the tail is broad, and is not forked at the end. The Amis broad, and fomewhat refcmblesthefea tench: the head, back, tail and fins are of a dufky grey colour : the fides are of a pale whitifh grey ; and the belly is white, fpot- ted with black. It feldom exceeds a hand's breadth in length. This is the character of the more ufual fpecies of the cicla called turdus minor. But there is another larger fifh truly of this kind, called by Artedi, by way of cliftindiion, cicla cubkalh. This is the turdus may.r of authors, called by the Venetians tordo and verdone. It is of a longer fbape than the former, and its colour is all over either of a fine gieen, or a bright red ; but there arc fome frnall blue fpots on the back, and the fides and belly are ornamented with aconfufed let of the fame fort of fpots, only that they are much fmaller. Artedi, Ichthyol. See the articles Tordone and Turdus.
CICONIA, in zoology, the name by which authors call the ftork, a bird much approaching to the nature of the heron, of which there are three kinds ; the while, the black, and the grey Brafil'iankind, called maguari. See Macuari. The white ftork is larger than the common heron, but its neck is fliorter and thicker. Its bead, neck, brcaft and belly are white: its rump, and the outer feathers of the wings are black: its tail is white, and its beak long and reddifti. Its legs alfo are red.
The black ftork is fomewhat fmaller than thewhite. Its head, neck, back and wings are bl.ick, with a greenifh caff, anions; it :. the belly, "brcaft and fides arc white, and the beak and leas are green. Many are of opinion, that this is the bird men- tioned by Ovid under the name of mcrgus. Rays Ormthol. p. 2 la-
in the Linnx-an fyftem of zoology, the dconia makes a diftincr. genus of birds of the rnacroryncha: or long-beak'd kind, the characters of which are, that the claws are fmooth and round- ifh. Lhmtsi Sytt. Natur. p. 45.
CICUTA, hemlock, in botany, the name of a genus of plants the characters of which are thefe : the flower is umbelliferous* and of the rofaceous kind, being compofed of feveral heart- fafhioned petals, irregular in fize, difpofed into a circular form. The cup finally becomes a roundifn fruit, compofed of two feeds, ftriated and gibbofe on one fide, and flat and fmooth on the other.
The fpecies of hemlock enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: 1. The common great broad-leav'd hemlock. 1. The common great hemlock, with narrower leaves : and, 3. The parfly-leav'd hemlock, called by fome cicutaria, and fool's partly. Tourn. Inft. p, 306.
There are not wanting authors among the Germans, who re- commend the feed of the common hemlock againft obfh unions in the fpleen ; but as we have already remedies enough in the fame intention, which are not fufpected as poifonous, it is belt to be contented with them, till a great many more trials have been made of this new medicine than we have accounts of at prefent.
CICUTARIA, in botany, the name of a genus of the umbelli- ferous plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the rofaceous kind, being compofed of feveral petals, ar- ranged in a circular form around a cup, which afterwards be- comes a fruit compofed of two feeds, which are confiderably thick, long, gibbofe, and, as it were, of a lunated form, and very deeply ftriated. To this it is to be added, that the leaves much refemble thofe of hemlock.
The fpecies of c'tcutaria enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: 1. The broad-leav'd {linking cicutaria. 2. The broad- leav'd Thapfia-Iike cicuiaria. Tourn. Inft. p. 312.
CIDARIS, the mitre ufed by the Jcwifh high pricfts. When- ever there is mention of the high prieft's mitre, the Hebrew word made ufe of to exprefs it is always mixnepheth ; and myg- baoth is ufed to fignify the bonnet belonging to common pricfta. The rabbins fay the fame thing is meant by both thefe terms, and that the bonnet ufed by pricfts in general was made of a piece of a linnen cloth fixteen yards long, which covered their heads like an helmet or a t urban : and they allow no other dif- ference to be between the high prieft's bonnet, and that of other priefts, than this, that one is flatter, and more in the form of a turban, whereas the other worn by ordinary priefts rofe fomething more in a point. Exod xxviii. 4. The form of thefe bonnets is iot now well underftood, the defcriptions which are given us of them being fo various and different. Mofes exprefsly tells us, that the high prieft's tiara was made of fchejl), that is cotton, and that of other priefts of linen only. The tiara and the pricfts bonnets were tied with aribb>n, which Ezekiel calls crown; but that ufed by the high prieft was richer, and remarkable for the plate of gold, with the name of God engraven on it, which was placed in the fore-part of the tiara, and covered fome of the high priefts forehead; the ribbon was tied behind his head. Laftly, the Hebrew term migbaot':, whereby the bonnet of the common priefts was exprefled, and which St. Jerome translates mitra y intimates, that this bonnet had fome refemblance with an hel- met. And that of miznepbeth, which denotes the high prieft's tiara, and is tranflated cidaris by the fame Jerome, was pro- bably of another form, and perhaps like thofe ftreight tiara's which were worn by the kings of Perlia a . We fee in Ifalah that the kings of Judah wore a bonnet on their heads called %enuph, which is derived from the fame word as mtznepbeth* [ a Xenophon. de Expedit. deCyri.J
It is to be obferved, that the Hebrew priefts never appeared in the temple without covering their heads. And ftill at this day it is reckoned an incivility in the Eaft, and a mark of con- tempt, for any man to pull off his hat or turban to another, or to (hew his naked head before any one. Calm. Diet. Bibl.
Cidaris, in conchyliology. See Turban Jbeti.
CIERGE, in conchyliology, a name given by the French to a fea fhell, a fpecies ot voluta. This is of the colour of common yellow wax, without any variegations on the furface ; but when its rough coat is taken off, it makes a very different ap- pearance, having the zones and colours of the onyx. It is preferved in many cabinets in this ftate, under the name of the onyx fhell. See the article Voluta.
CIGALE, in natural hiftory, the French name for the cicada, particularly for the large kind, called aebcta by the antients. See Harvest-/7v.
CIGNE, in conchyliology, the fwan fhell, a name given by the French virtuofi to a fpecies of voluta, which, befide this name, is known by two other very different ones, cierge and onyx, and is taken by the generality of collectors for three dif- ferent lhells. When it has its natural coat on, it is of a rough furface, and yellow colour, much like that of common wax, whence it is called cierge, or the wax fhell. When this coat is juft taken off, it appears of a very beautiful white, and is then called the eigne, or fwan fhell ; and when it is polifhcd farther down, fo as to {hew its inner itmclure, it appears zoned in the manner of the onyx, and is then called the onyx {hell. '
CIGA-
