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dined towards the oppofite fide ; the elapfed little head of the Jaw not being capable of diflocation otherwife than for- ward, and inward. When the Jaw is out only on one fide, the cure is ufually not very difficult ; but when both heads are difiocated, and not prefently reftored to their place, it always occafions the worft of fymptoms, as pains, inflam- mations, convulfions, fevers, vomitings, and even death at length ; and thefe fymptoms are the more violent, as the ad- jacent nerves, tendons, and ligaments fuffcr a greater exten- sion ; but if an expert furgeon is applied to in time, all thefe are prevented by the ends being reduced. The patient is to be feated on a low ftool, fo that an affiftant may hold his head firm back againft his breaft ; then the fur- geon is to thruft his two thumbs as far back, into the patient's mouth as he well can, but they are to be firft wrap'd round in an handkerchief, to prevent them either from flipping, or from being hurt ; his other fingers are at the fame time to be applied to the Jaw, externally. W hen he has thus got firmly hold of the Jaw, it is to be ttrongly preffed firft downwards, and then backwards", and laftly upwards. Thefe different directions of the force are however to be given all in one in- ftant; and by thefe means the elapfed heads of the Jaw, are at once reftored into their former cavities ; but the furgeon muft alfo be very careful always to fnatch his thumbs very fwiftly out of the patient's mouth, left they {hould be com- preflcd, bruifed, or bit by reducing the Jaw. If the Jaw be out on one fide only, the method of reducing it muft be exactly the fame, only that the luxated fide muft be forced more ftrongly downward and backward, than the found one. As to bandages, there is nooccafion for them in this cafe, unlefs the luxation has remained fome time before it was re- duc'd ; for in that cafe, it may not be improper to apply for feveral days, the four-headed bandage, with fome ftrength- ning fpirit ; which may be taken oft, when the patient in- tends to eat. Heijhr's Surg. p. 152.
We have a method by Mr. Monro, of reducing the Jaw- bone when luxated. Who fays, he has more than once found Mr. Petit's method of reducing the luxated Jaw-bone inef- fectual, after the mufcles have been fwelled by unartful at- tempts of reduction, but that he fucceeded by a fmall im- provement ; for the particulars of which we refer to the Medic. Eft'. Edinb. Vol. I. Art. ir.
This learned profeflor thinks the common opinion, that the Jaw is brought down by the force of the digaftric mufcles folely, not fufficiently founded.
Fraftures of the Jaw. The lower Jaw is notfo liable to frac- tures as the reft of the bones ; but when it is broke, whether it be on one fide or both, the divided parts do not recede to any diftance from one another. For the reftoring the bones in a fra&ur'd Jaw to their proper fituation, the patient muft be commodioufly feated over-againft the light, and his head held firm by an affiftant. The furgeon is then to introduce the thumb or fore-finger of one hand into the mouth, applying the other externally ; and by this means he is to prefs the fragments of the Jaw on each fide, till they have regained their former fituation ; which may be always known by the regular difpofition of the teeth. And if any of the teeth be found loofe or flip'd out, it may not be improper, if nothing hinders, to reftore them afterwards to their proper places ; -fattening them by a filver wire to fuch as are next them. After the bones are thus properly reduced, they muft be co- vered firft with a plafter, and then a comprefs dipt in fpirit of wine, and applied internally; and another comprefs fewed to apiece of pafteboard of the form of a half Jaw, is to be laid on externally ; thefe are to be kept on by a four-headed band- age, perforated in the middle to let in the chin. But when the Jaw is found to be fractured on both fides, it is ufual to introduce and apply internally, after the comprefs dipt in fpirit of wine, another made of thin pafteboard ; perforated in its middle, and accommodated to the figure of the chin in this manner. Its middle that is perforated is to be applied to the chin, and its two extremities towards the ears. But frac- tures of this part may often be well enough cured without plafters and fplints, where we can conveniently apply a proper bandage ; for thefe bones are not eafily difplaced again, when they are once reduced. The patient muft for fome days live upon liquids, avoiding chewing and talking; and the frac- ture generally is well in twenty or thirty days. Heijler's Surg. p. 119.
IBERAPITANGA, in botany, a name by which fome authors have called arbor brafilia, or lignum brafilianum. Pi jo, p. 164. See the article Brazil, Cycl. and Suppl.
IBERIS, in botany, is with fome authors the name of the common cardamine, the lady's fmock or cuckow flower. J. Bauhin, V. II. p. 887.
IBEX, in natural hiftory, the name of an animal of the goat kind. It is found in the mountains, and is extremely fwift; but carries on its head a pair of horns, which one would think were fufficient to weigh it down. Bellonius obferves, th;it he faw fome whofe horns were four cubits long : They are bent down upon the back, and are wreathed and knotty, one knot growing every year. The head is Imall, and the legs very ilender ; fo that this creature, tho' properly of the goat kind, much refembles a flag ; the male has a very
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long black beard. It is not uncommon in fomc'part3 of Germany. Ray's Syn. Quadr. p.77. Grew^ Muf. p.
24- ,
Bochart, from fome Arabian authors, fays that this animal bends its horns back as far as "its buttocks, and thereby leaps from the higheft precipices, and falls upon its back without hurting itferfs becaufe its horns receive and break the blow. Calmet, Dift. Bibl.
IBIBOBOCA, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of ferpent called by the Portuguefe Cobra de Coral. It is about two foot in length, and of the thicknefs of a man's thumb ; and tapers off" at the tail to a thinners, till at laft it ends in a iharp point. Its belly is all over white, and very bright and glofly; and its head is covered with white fcales of a cubic figure, and with fome black ones towards the edges. Its body is variegated with black, white and red. It is a very flow mover; but is of a very terrible and poifonous kind. Ray's Syn. Anim. p. 327.
IBIGA, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the cha- msepitys, or ground pine. Get. Emac. lnd. p. 2.
IBIJARA, in zoology, the name of an American fpecies of fperent, called alfo Bodty, and by the Portuguefe, Ccga, Cokre Kega, and Cobra de las Gabegas. It is of the amphif- bena kind, and is generally faid to have two heads, one at each end ; but that is wholly erroneous. The head and tail are of the fameftiape, and of equal thicknefs, and the creature will ftiike equally with either ; and as it is faid its poifon is equally contained at both. It is a ihake of the fmaller kind, being of about a foot long, and as thick as one's finger. It is white in colour, and as filming and glofly as glafs ; and is very elegantly marked with rings and ftreaks of a brown or copper colour. Its eyes are fmall, and fcarce confpicuous 7 looking only like dots made by the point of a needle ; it lives under ground, and feeds on ants and other fmall infects. It is often thrown up in digging ; and the Portuguefe fay, it is a creature whofe poifon is beyond the reach of all the known remedies. Ray's Syn. Anim. p. 289.
IBIJAU, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian bird, of the capri mulgus, or goat-fucker kind. It is a very beautiful little owl, not larger than a fwallow. Its head is large, broad and flat, and its eyes black and very lively ; its beak is extremely fmall, not exceeding the fize of the large phang of a fpider ; but at the top of this, the noftrils are very diftinguiihable. Its mouth is monftroufly large ; when fhut this is not per- ceived, but when it is open, it reaches each way to the eyes. Its legs are very fhort, and its tail broad. It is all over of a blackif h colour, fpotted and variegated with white and yellow. Marggravis Hift. Braf.
IBIRA, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the tree which produces the cubeba?, or cubebs of the Shops. Pijo, p. 144. See the article Cubebs, Cycl. and Suppl.
IBIRACOA, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of ferpent, found in the Weft Indies ; whofe bite is poifonous, and al- ways attended with very terrible effects. It is of a variegated colour, mottled with black, white, and red.
IBIS, in zoology, the name of an Egyptian bird, approaching to the ftork kind ; and by fome confounded very erroneoufly with the hffimatopus, or red-legged heron. It is all over of a fine dining black; its beak is long, fomewhat hooked, and all over of a fine red, as are alio its legs, which are as long as thofe of the bittern. Its neck is as long as that of the common heron. It is faid to be peculiar to Egypt, and incapable of living in any other region ; and is there very ferviceable in deftroying the ferpents, locufts, and other de- vouring infects ; and hence it was, that in early ages they had divine honours paid them. Bellonius de Avib. It is remarkable in this bird, that altho' it lives principally about the Nile, yet it never enters the water, nor can it fwun. The ufe of glyfters is faid to have been learned from the Ibis, and not from the ftork. It generally builds its neit upon palm-trees, to avoid the cats. The antients aflerted in their writings, that it conceived at its beak, and even laid its eggs that way ; but thefe are miftakes. Aldrovandus re- lates, that the flefh of the Ibis is red, like a falmon's ; that it is fweet ; that its fkin is very hard, and fmells like wild- fowl. Calm. Diet. Bibl. Salmaf. in Solin, p. 418. Satin. c. 34.
IBUM. The Rabbins give this name to the ceremony of a bro- ther's marrying his fifter-in-law, the widow of his brother deceafed without children, by virtue of the Mofaic law men- tioned in Deut. xxv. Calmet, Diet. Bibl.
ICAN Setany, in zoology, a name by which Bontius has called thepifcis triangularis. Willughby?. Hift. Fife p. 156. See the article Triangularis Pijcis.
ICE (Cycl)— he may be preferved in a dry place under ground, by covering it well with chaff", ftraw, or reeds. Phil. Tranf. N°. 8. p. 140. See the article Snow. The fpecific gravity of Ice to water, is as eight to nine : hence being lighter than water, it floats upon it. This rarefaction of Ice is owing to the air-bubbles produced in /awhile freezing; thefe being confiderably large in proportion to the water frozen, render the Ice fo much fpecifically lighter. It is well known, that a confiderable quantity of air is lodged in the interftices of water, tho' it has not there any elaftic property,
