M A L
MAN
round leaved rofe Mallow. And, 14. The pale yellow- flowered round leaved roi'e Mallow, without ftalk. Thefe are the fpecies of what we call hollyoaks, and moft of which we have in our gardens. The others are, 15. The Virginian maple-leaved Mallow, with fmooth leaves. 16. The hairv Virginian maple-leaved Mallow. 17. The Ame- rican Mallow of Cafpar Bauhine. 18. The hairy fhrubby American Mallow-, with cluttered yellow flowers. 19. The curled-leaved Mallow. 20. The cut-leaved large flowered Mallow. 21. The white-flowered wild Mallow, with finu- ated leaves. 22. The blue-flowered wild Mallow, with fi- miated leaves. 2g. The purplifh flowered wild Mallow, with linuated leaves. 24. The wild Mallow, with finuated leaves, and blue flowers ftreaked with white. 25. The wild Mallow, with finuated leaves, and a very fmall purple flower. 26. The large flowered wild Mallow, with a deep green leaf, rounded and much finuated. 27. The ere£f. wild Mallow, with glofly leaves and large flowers. 28. The fmall flowered rounder leaved wild Mallow. 29. The round leaved variegated wild Mallow. 30. The ftellated Mallow, with various leaves. 31. The purple bottomed early Mal- low, called by authors malva trimejlris, 32. The ivy lea- ved Mallow. 33. The round leaved fmooth Spanifh Mal- low, with large red flowers. 34. The round leaved Italian Mallow, with a large purple flower. 35. The annual white- flowered Mallow, with the flowers ftanding in rundles. 36. The hairy Mallow, with a heart-fafhioned leaf. 37. The hairy annual Mallow, with angular leaves, refembling thofe of ivy. 38. The currant-leaved Portugal Mallow. 39. The Indian Mallow, with the heart-fafhioned leaf. 40. The elm-leaved Mallow, with the roftrated feed. 41. The elm- leaved Mallow, with the double-beaked feed, 42. The elm- leaved Mallow, with the double-beaked feed, and with flow- ers ftanding in long clutters. 43. The roundifh-leaved In- dian Mallow. 44. The mulberry-leaved Canada Mallow with double-beaked feeds. 45. The elm-leaved American Mallow, with flowers cluttered together in the alas of the leaves. 46. The vine-leaved American Mallow, with a roundifh echinated fruit. 47. The purple- flowered ivy-lea- ved American Mallow. 48. The low American Mallow, with the leaf and the whole appearance of ground-ivy, and with bifurcated capfules. 49. The melon-leaved hairy A- merican Mallow. Tourneforfs Inft. p. 95, 96. The frefh roots of Mallow are ufed as a diuretic and emo- lient, and the dried leaves as an ingredient in clyfters, and in emolient fomentations and cataplafms. The antients gave the juice of the Mallow, in large dofes, for inflammations and obftrudtions of the vifcera. A ftrong decoction of Mal- low root is apt to be mucilaginous, and to fit ill on the fto- mach. It is a good common drink in pleurifies, peripneu- monies, and peculiarly in cafes of gravel, or inflammations of the kidneys; alio in ftranguries and fuppreflions of urine of all kinds. Malva Marina, the Sea Mallow, in botany, a name not very judicioufly given by fome writers to a fpecies of fubma- rine plant, fuppofed in fome degree to refemble the leaves of the common Mallow. It is very common in the places where they fifh for coral, and grows to the rocks without any regular root ; it is found at different depths, but moft ufually far from the furface, and its height is ufually about two inches. It is of a dufky greenifh colour, with an ad- mixture of a faint yellow ; it is compofed of fcveral leaves of about half an inch broad, and a little more than that in length. Each of thefe is fattened to a pedicle of about an inch and half long ; the leaves are of a fine thin membrana- ceous fubttance, but their fialks or pedicles are thick and tough like horn. When examined by the microfcope many glandules difcover themfelves upon the furfaces of the leaves, but the ftalks or pedicles are entirely covered with glandules in form of fmall protuberances, which make it as rough in thofe parts as the common chagrin. The ftalks when cut tranfyerely {hew an infinite number of pipes or vefiels running up to every part of the leaves. Count Marfigli has given an elegant figure of this, both as it appears to the na- ked eye, and by the microfcope. Marfigli, Hift. de la Mer. MALUS, the apple tree, in botany, the name of a genus of trees, the characters of which are thefe : The flowers are of the rofaceous kind, each being compofed of feveral pe- tals arranged in a circular form i the cup finally becomes a flefhy fruit of a roundifh figure, umbilicated and divided within into feveral cells, containing oblong callous feeds. See the article Apple. Malus djfyria, in botany, one of the many names given by the antients to the citron : They alfo called it mains medica, and by feveral other names, as thefe were expreflive of the country whence they had the fruit. See the articles Citron and CiTRE-ffi menfa. MAMIRA, in the materia medica of the Arabians, a root frequently mentioned by Avifenna, Serapion, and other of the Arabian writers. It feems mentioned as a poifonous drug, and is fo defcribed, that it feems to be the fame with one ipecies of the durunegi, or doronicum of the fame au- thors, and the common doronicum of the fhops, diftinguifh-
ed from the antithora, of other fort of durunegi, by the yel- luwnefs of the infide of the root. Avifenna fays that it is hard and woody, and formed of knots or joints. This is the very defcription the fame author gives of the durunegi of the firft or poifonous kind. Faulus ^gineta fays its root is compofed of feveral joints alfo ; and Alphagus calls it a nodoje or jointed root. Some have fuppofed that the Mami- ra was the fame plant which we call fmall celandine, but this has no title to be placed among the plants fufpecTred as poifonous, nor any other plea to be guefled at as the Ma- mira, but only its roots confifting of many tubercles. Many things befide have been conjectured to be the Marnira of the Greeks and Arabians, but the doronicum feems to be the plant. MAMMEA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants called mammei by Plumicr. The chara&ers are thefe : The peri- anthium is compofed of two fmall deciduous and oval leaves ; the flower confifts of four roundifh concave expanded petals larger than the cup ; the ftamina are numerous fimple fila- ments, of about half the length of the flower; the anthene are roundifh ; the germen of the piftil is roundifh ; the ftyle is conic, and of the length of the ftamina ; the ftigma is fimple and permanent ; the fruit is a very large and flefhy berry, of a fpherical figure, but acuminated with the ftyle; the feeds are of an oval figure and callous texture, and there are fometimes found four of them, fometimes only one in the fingle cell of the fruit. Lihnan Gen. Plant, p. 234. Elumkr Gen, p. 4. MAMMOTH'sf^, orMAMMOUT Bones, m natural hi- ftory, a name given by travellers and other writers to cer- tain foffile teeth, and other bones, found in Ruffia and fome other parts of the world, and that ufually at great depths in the earth. The Ruffians and other people give them this name, fuppofing them to have belonged to an animal which they defcribe as being of a monftrous fize, and living in ca- verns under ground. But the true account of them is, that they are in reality the teeth and other bones of elephants, there being no fuch beaft as thefe people defcribe. Breynius has given a very good account of thefe bones to the Royal Society, which is printed in the Philof. Tranfadfions. He obferves, that they are principally found in the northern parts of Siberia about the borders of rivers, toward the icy lea ; they are originally buried in the mountains ; but when the frofts have cracked the higher banks of thofe rivers, as they run under the fides of the mountains, the earth falls in, and they are difcovered among it. Sometimes compleat fke- letons are found in thefe places, but more frequently the bones of fome particular parts of the body, and nothing fo frequently as the teeth. The teeth and bones are not al- ways found of the fame fize, but often fmall, and appearing to have belonged to young animals, often fo large, that the grinders weigh from twenty to forty pounds ; and often the ivory tufks or dentes exerti weigh more than two hundred pounds each. It is very evident that thefe laft are the tufks of elephants, and the reft of the bones, when ftri&ly exa- mined, will all be found to have the fame origin, all being reducible to fome part of the fkeleton of that creature. The tufks are actually ufed as ivory, and the Czar of Mufcovy carries on a very large trade with them ; they are wrought both there and abroad into combs and other works ; and, according to the obfervation of captain Midler, perfectly re- femble the common ivory, except, that they are more brittle, and are apt to turn yellow fooner in the ufing. See Philof. Tranf. N° 446. p. 129.
The comparifon of the defcriptions and figures of the Sibe- rian Mammoth's teeth with the foflile elephant's teeth of Ireland, and fome parts of England, proves very clearly that the bodies are the fame.
The foffile bones of elephants are found in many other; places befide Siberia, but not in fuch plenty as in this country; Italy, Germany, Poland, England, France, and Ireland, all afford them ; but they are more altered by lying in the earth in thefe places. The greater warmth of thefe cli- mates may be naturally enough fuppofed to have brought on this change in them, and the fevere cold of Siberia to have been the principal agent in the preferving them intire in the manner in which we fee them.
The bones and teeth of elephants found under ground in other places, and called ebur fojftle, are of the fame origin with thefe, as are alfo thofe dignified in the German fhops with the pompous title of unicornu fojftle, the difference in the prefervation being all that diitinguifhes them. Phil. Tranf. N° 447. p. 149. and Mem. Acad. Par. 1727. MAN, in the materia medica of the antients, a name by which manna has been called by the oldeft writers. There has been, however, fome confufion in the hiftory of manna, owing to the too general ufeof this word, the fame authors ufing it as the name of feveral other fubftanccs of very different kinds, which came to their hands in form of fmall granules or flakes like the manna. The fragments of frankincenfe in particular were called by this name, with the addition of the word thuris, and fometimes without, Man or Men Handing fingly for that
dru s-
Man
