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what had been propofed. 2. Before an engagement, in order to encourage and fpirit their own men, and fill the enemy with dread. This is a practice of great antiquity, befides which it wants not the authority of reafon to fupport it ; for as mankind are endowed with two fenfes, hearing and fee- ing, by which fear is raifed in the mind, it may be proper to make ufe of the ear, as well as the eye, for that purpofe. Shouts were alfo raifed in the antient theatre, when what was aaed pleafed the fpectators. See Acclamation. It was ufual, for thofe prefent at the burning the dead, to raife a great Jhout, and call the dead perfon by his name, be- fore they fet fire to the pile. See Burial. SHREW, or Shrew-?ot«/^ in zoology, the common name of the creature called by authors mus araneus. See the article Mus araneus. Hardy Shrew. See the article Hardy. SHRIKE, in zoology, an Englifh name for the lanius, or butcher-bird, a fmall bird of the hawk-kind, a terrible de- ffroyer of the little birds. Ray's Ornithol. p. 52. See the article Lanius.
SHRITE, in zoology, a name ufed by fome for the larger thrufh, or tardus •wfctmrus major, commonly known by the name of the miffel-bird. It flays the whole year with us. and fings very fweetly. See Missel-^W. SHRUB (Cyd.) — Hardy Shrubs. See the article Hardy. SI affioa, in law, the conclufion of a plea to the action, when the defendant demands judgment, if the plaintiff ought to have his action, &c. SIAGONAGRA, a name given by fome medical writers to
the gout in the jaws. SIALISMUS, a word ufed by the ant'ients to exprefs a dif- charge of faliva, brought on by the holding hot things in the mouth ; and by us for a falivation by mercury. SIALOCHI, a term ufed by the antients to exprefs fuch per- fons as had a plentiful di (charge of faliva, by whatever ' means. Hippocrates ufes it for a perfon in a quinfey, who difcharges a very large quantity of faliva; others exprefs by it perfons, whofe mouths naturally abound with a bitter faliva ; and others fuch perfons, as from having a very large tongue, fpit into people's faces while talking, with them. SIALOGOGA, a term ufed by medical writers to exprefs fuch medicines as promote a copious difcharge of the faliva, fuch as pellitory of Spain, and all the other hot and acrid vegetables ; and mercury, the moft powerful of all. SIANKE, orSYNKE, in natural hiftory, a name given by the people of fome parts of the Eaft-Indies to the caryophyllus, or clove-fpice. The people of the Moluccas, according to Garcias, call it dmnque, ■ which is only a fmall difference of pronunciation. The Turks and Perfians call the fame fpice calafur. SICCHASIA, a word ufed by fome writers to exprefs that un- eafinefs at the ftomach, and loathing of food, which women are often afflicted with in their pregnancy. SICCINNIS, in antiquity, a mixed kind of dance. See the
article Dance, GycL SICERA, in the Jewifh antiquities. The hellenift Jews give this name to any inebriating liquor. St. Chryfoftom, Theo- doret, and Theophilus of Antioch, who were Syrians, and who therefore ought to know the ilgnification and nature of ficera, affure us, that it properly Signifies palm-wine. Pliny acknowledges, that the wine of the palm-tree was very well known through all the Eafr, and that it was made by taking a bufhel of the dates of the palm-tree, and throwing them into three gallons of water ; then fqueezing out the juice, it 1 would intoxicate like wine. The wine of the palm-tree is white : when it is drank new, 1 it has the tafte of the cocoa, and is fwcet as honey : when it is kept longer, it grows ftrong, and intoxicates. After long keeping, it becomes vinegar. V. Re?iaudot's Notes upon the Voyage to China, p. 12. Calm. Diet. Bibl. SICILIANA, in botany, a name given by Dodonseus, and fome other authors, to the great androfaemum, called tut/a?:, and park-leaves. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. SICILICUM, the name of a weight in ufe among the anti- ents, which fome fay was equal to three drachms of our weight ; others fay only to two. SICUB, or Sicap, in natural hiftory, a name given by the inhabitants of the Philippine iflands to a fpecies of hawk, of the bignefs of their common hawk, or banoy, which is fomewhat larger than our fparrow-hawk. This bird is very elegantly variegated all over its body with yellow, white, and black. SICUS, in ichthyology, a name ufed by fome authors to ex- prefs that fpecies of coregonus, called by the generality of authors albula nobilis. See the articles Coregonus and Albula. SICYOIDES, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower confifts of one
a- -a j" d ' S ftia P ed like a bel1 wide °P en at the mouth, and divided into feveral fegments. Some of the flowers on this plant are fieri], or male-flowers, having no embryo ; others are fruitful, or female, having an embryo, which ripens into a fruit of the fhape of an almond, flefhy, prickly, ufual ly
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collected into a head, and containing only one fe^d under a thin fkin.
The fpecies of ficyaide$ % enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe. 1. The American ftcyoides with angular leaves and echtnated fruit, called by fome authors cucumh Canadenfis monofpermos, or the fingle-feeded Canada cucumber. 2. The American ficyoides with echinated fruit and deeply jagged leaves. Town. Inft. p. 103.
SICYONE, a word ufed by Hippocrates to exprefs colocynth, and by others for a fpecies of hard-fhelled gourd, in the fhape of a pear, and by fome for a cupping-glafs.
SICYONEUM oleum, a word ufed by the antients to exprefs a medicinal oil, of which there was among them' three kinds in ufe. The firft was called ficyonium fimplex. This was compofed of two ounces of the root of the wild cucumber boiled feveral hours in a pint of oil. The fecond fort was called the compound ficyonium, and was made of the root of the fame plant, with many other ingredients. The third was another compound kind, made not with an infufion of the root, but with the juice of the fruit of the wild cu- cumber.
SICY'ONII, among the Romans, were fhoes of a more delicate form, and better ornamented than ordinary, and chiefly worn by the ladies and their gallants. Pitifc. in voc,
SIDA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, conflituted byLinnseus, and comprehending the malvinda of Dillenhis, and the abutilon of the fame author and of Tournefort. The characters are thefe : the perianthium is compofed of one leaf, of the figure of a cup, erect, and lightly divided into five fegments, and does not fall with the flower. The fiower confifts of five petals, which are broad at the top, and fur- rounded with a rim : they are much narrower at the bot- tom, and grow together there. The (lamina are a great number of filaments, which at the bottom grow into a fort of tube, and at the top are free.. The anthene are roundifh. The germen of the pil'til is roundifh. The ftyle is fhort, and Is lightly divided into feveral fegments. The fligmata are (lender and obtufe. The fruit is a roundifh capfule, termi- nating' in a point, and compofed of feveral horns, which fi- nally feparating, tear the complex vefiel to pieces. The feeds are roundifh and pointed, the one fide convex, and the other of an angular figure.
This genus is very nearly allied to the melochia, but differs in its numerous anthers. The malvinda and abutilon agree in all the characters of this genus, but differ in this, that the firft has always only five capfules which compofe the ge- neral fruit, and the other has more. Linncei Gen. Plant. p. 329. Dillen. Hort, Elth. p. 171. Tournefort, p. 25.
Sida is alfo ufed by fome authors for the alibtea, or marfh- mallow. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.
SIDE {Cyd.) — Sides of a Jh'tp, are diftinguifhed into thefar- board and larboard ; that is, into the right and lcft-hand- fide, when (landing with the face towards the head of the vefiel. See the articles Starboard and Larboard.
Broad-SmE, in the fea language, is to fire all the guns on one fide of the fhip,
Side-w/W, at fea. See the article Wind.
SIDERIA, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of cryftah The word is derived from the Greek, dd^fc?, iron, and is ufed to exprefs cryftals altered in their figure by particles of that metal. Thefe are of a rhomboidal form, compofed only of fix planes. Of this genus there are four known fpecies: 1. a colourlefs, pellucid, and thin one, found in confiderable quantities among the iron ores of the Foreft of Dean in Gtouceflerfhire, and in other the like places. 2. A dull, thick, and brown one, not uncommon in the fame places with the former. And 3. a black and very glofTy kind, a foflil of very great beauty, found in the fame place with the others, as alfo in Leiceflerfhire and Suffex. See Tab. of Foffils, Clafs3- Hill's Hift. of Toff. p. 197.
SIDERITIS, {Cyd.) iron-wort, in botany, the name of a ge- nus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower confifts of one leaf, and *is of the labiafed kind. The up- per lip is erect, the lower divided into feveral fegments. The piftil arifes from the cup, and is fixed in the manner of a nail into the hinder part of the fiower, and furrourided by four embryos, which afterwards become fo many feeds, ripening in an open capfule, which was the cup of the flower. To thefe marks it may be added, that in all the fiderites the flowers grow in circles round the ftalks, at the joinings .of the leaves.
The fpecies of fideritis, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe. 1. The hairy procumbent fideritis, called tetrahit by many authors. 2. The hairy procumbent fideritis vwith leaves very (lightly crenated. 3. The hairy fideritis with very deeply crenated leaves. 4. The hy flop-leaved Alpine fideritis. 5. The hyflbp-leaved Alpine fideritis with leaves notched at the ends. 6. The narrower -leaved erect Spanifh fideritis. 7. The large procumbent Spanifh fideritis with crenated leaves, and white flowers. 8. The narrow-leaved crenated bituminofc fideritis. 9. The fmooth (linking Spa- n\(h fideritis with purple flowers, and hoary fpikes. 10. The woody fhrub Spanifh fideritis. 11. The fmall procumbent 3 hyffop-
