STA
S T A
hole upon the plate, into which it muft be thrufi ; then by preffing gently downward the handle between the patient's legs, the two blunt points will be eaftly felt above the os pubis, in the protuberance made by the injection into the bladder. The advantages propofed by ufing this catheter are thefe : firft, it is a director to the operator, {hewing the place in which the puncture is to be made into the bladder ; it alfo ferves as a fupport to the bladder when the water is run out, and keeps it from fubfiding during the time of the operation, or till the ftone is extracted. It ferves alfo to refift the preflure of the abdominal mufcles and the perito- nseum, and hinders the inteftines from being forced down upon the knife, keeping the orifice fuffic'iently open, till the ftone or {tones are taken out. And finally, it may always be difcovered, by the help of this inftrument, whether the bladder be become fcirrhous.
The method of performing the operation with this catheter is thus : after the catheter is introduced, and fixed with its legs open, the two points are to be felt for above the os pubis ; when thefe are found, the finger and thumb are to be placed gently upon them, and the handle is to be held by an affiftant, to keep it firmly in that pofition ; then with a knife in the other hand a puncture is to be made immediately into the bladder, directly in the middle between the two points; but for the more fecurity, it may be made fomewhat lower, nearer the os pubis : when the knife is thus introduced, a large incifion is to be made downward, inclining under the arch of the pubis, in proportion to the bignefs of the ftone, taking care not to wound the cartilage that joins the bones together when the knife is withdrawn. The bladder being thus fupported, the ftone may be taken out either with the fingers, or with a pair of tenets, there being little danger of breaking it in this method. When the operation is finifhed, the handle of the catheter is to beratfed; it is to be unbolted and {hut clofe, then fixed in this pofition and drawn out, and the patient drefled in the ufual way. Philof. Tranf. N° 401. p. 786. .f/dg-STAFF, in a mip, the long ftaff, or piece of wood, whereto the flag is made fail, and along which it is hoifed up. Station-§TA?Ty in furveying, an inftrument confuting of two rulers that Aide to ten feet, divided into feet and inches, with a moveable vane or fight, two of which are ufed with a level; and on the edges there are the links of Gunter's chain divided. Its chief ufe is for the eafy taking off-fets. STAG, cervusy in zoology. See Cervus. SrAG-evily in the manege. See the article Hart. STAG-worms, in natural hiftory, a name given to a fpecies of worms produced of the eggs of a fly, and lodged in a very ftrange place behind, and under the palate of thcjiag> or deer's mouth.
They are always found in great numbers together, and are contained in flefhy bags, which are placed as the almonds of the ears in the human fpecies. The huntfmen are well ac- quainted with thefe worms, and are of opinion that they arc the caufe of the falling off of the creature's horns ; they cat their way to thefe, according to their opinion, through the proper parts of the head, and then gnawing them round at the roots, they are forced to fall like a tree that is fawed off at the bottom. This however is a vulgar error. Mr. Reau- mur has abundantly proved, that thefe worms never attempt fo ftrange a paffage; they always remain where they are firft found till they are in a ftate to change into the flies, to whofe eggs they owe their origin, and whofe forms they are at length to aflume. Reau?nurs Hift. Infect. Vol. 9. p. 8. STAGGERS (Cycl.)—~ The moft approved remedy for this diftemper, which {hews itfclf in horfes in a giddinefs, and reeling about, in waterinefs of the eyes, and a variety of odd motions of the head, is the following method. The creature is firft to be blooded largely, then a glyfter is to be given him, compofed of two quarts of emetic wine, and four ounces of the unguentum populneum. When he has repofed an hour or two after voiding this glyfter, let another be given him, made of two ounces of the fcoriae of the liver of antimony finely powdered, boiled a little while in five pints of beer, and with the addition of four ounces of the fame ointment, or of ointment of rofes. This laft glyfter is to be frequently repeated, and his legs are to be all the while rubbed ftrongly with whifps of hay, wetted in warm water, to make a revulfion. His food fhould be bran and white bread, and he ftiould be walked from time to time in fome temperate place. If thefe methods do not fucceed, let an ounce of Venice treacle be diflblved in a quart of fome cordial waters, and given him ; and after this let the following glyfter be given warm : take Venice treacle and fal polycreftum, of each two ounces ; diflblve them in two quarts of a decoction of mallows and camomile flowers ; add a quarter of a pint of oil of rue. This repeated two or three times after bleeding, and the other methods, will often cure the worft ftages of this difeafe.
Mr. Boyle mentions a cure of this difeafe in horfes, by rubbing their gums with the coach whip till they bleed, Works Abr. Vol. 1. p. 88. STAGONIAS a a word ufed by the old authors to exprefs that
fort of male frankincence which is in round drops, and verfr clear and fine.
STAGONIUS, a name fometimts given to ftorax. See the article Storax.
STAINING, or Colouring of porcelain. The Chinefi^ for a great many ages, ufed only white porcelain. The firft colour they employed was blue, and after that they came into the ufe of all the reft. Their antient blues was prepared by themfelves from a kind of a lapis lazuli ; but we now fupply them with the frrialt fo much cheaper, that it is no longer worth their while to make it themfelves. They ufed to prepare this only by giving a gentle calcination to the ftonei and then beating it to powder, and grinding it to the ut- moft finenefs in mortars of unglazed porcelain-ware, with peftles of the fame. The red, which the Chinefe ufe, is made of our green vitriol, or common copperas. They put about a pound of this into a crucible, and lute on this an- other crucible inverted : this laft has a bole cut in the top, which they keep covered or open at pleafure. They fet this crucible in a furnace of bricks^ fo contrived, as to throw all the flame upon the lower veflel, in the way of our die- mifts reverberatory furnaces. They make a large fire of charcoal all round it, and obferve the hole at the top ; for fo long as there afcend thick black fumes through that, the matter is not fufficiently calcined. They watch the going off of this fume, and when there appears in the place of it a fine and thin cloud, they take away the crucible, the matter being then fufficiently burnt. They try this, how- ever, by taking a little out, and examining the Colour; if it is not fufficiently red, they let it remain longer in the fire. When they find that it is of a good colour, they take away the fire, and leave the veflels to cool ; this done, they find a cake of red matter at the bottom of the crucible, and a quantity of a finer powder about its fides. They keep thefe feparate, the latter being the pureft, the fineft, and the brighteft colour.
One pound of copperas affords about four ounces of this co- lour, and this is the red which they manage in different {hades, and vary fo much.
The Chinefe have alfo a white colour, which they ufe in their figures painted on the China : the ware itfelf is natu- rally white, and the varnilh, or oil of ftone, is a great ad- dition to its whitenefs all over. But they have yet a way of making a much brighter and finer white than thefe, as may be feen in moft of the fine China-ware where there is any white in the figures. This white is made in the fol- lowing manner : they collect on the fhores of their rivers a fort of agate, which is of a whitifh hue without veins, and tolerably tranfparent. It approaches very much to the nature of cryftal, and probably cryftal may be found to fupply its place with us. They calcine this ftone to a white powder, and to every ounce of this, when ground in their porce- lain mortars to an impalpable finenefs, they add two ounces of cerufs in fine powder : this they mix with the varniftiy and lay on in the common way of other colours. This white mixture ferves not only for the colouring white^ but it is the bafis of feveral other of thofe beautiful colours which we fee on the China-ware, and which our manufac- turers have been often perplexed what to make of. Their green colour is made of copper rufted with acid ; and their fine deep violet colour is made of this green, by adding to it a due proportion of this white. It is not to be fuppofed that this effect is produced according to the common laws of mixing colours among our painters, for then the white and green would only make a paler green. But copper being a metal that as well gives a fine blue, as a fine green, according to the nature of the fubftances it is mixed with, the white in this cafe alters the very nature of the green, and converts it into that fine and deep violet blue, which we may draw from copper by means of any of the volatile al- kalis ; fuch as fpirit of fal armoniac, fpirit of hartihorn, fpirit of urine, or any the like liquor. The workmen know how to bring this blue to any degree, by putting in dif- ferent proportions of the two colours. There is not any admixture of them, that will not produce a blue of fome kind ; but always the more of the green colour is ufed, the deeper the blue will be, and the lefs the paler. The yellow is made by an admixture of feven drachms of this white, and three drachms of copperas,- or more, if they defire the colour to be deeper.
Thefe colours are laid on upon the veffels when they have been once baked, but they do not appear till the fecond baking is over in their proper fhades or tinges, and fome ■ times fcarce at all.
The black China is much efteemed in theEaff, and particu- larly when it is ornamented with gold ; this colour looking better with that ornament than any other. The black is always laid on when the porcelain is firft dried, and is pre- pared by mixing three ounces of the fine deep blue with feven ounces of that fiFievarnifh, which they call o'dofjloiies. This admixture gives a fine deep black. When the colour is thoroughly dry, the veflels are baked, and when this is done the gold is laid on, and the whole is baked again in a particular furnace made for this purpofe. If they would
. have
