TUN
T U R
toats of the larger veflels fo much approach to this ftructurc, that, though not wholly compofed of other veflels, they have fo manyin them, that the far greater part of their fubftance is made up of thole veflels, and of the fluids which are conti- nually paifing through them, and which keep open their paf- fages. , Thefe liquors being deftined for the fupport of the coat of the Veflel* are in general the fame with that which flows within it.
As to the tefticles being wholly compofed of thefe veflels or tubes, without any other fubftance, it is, perhaps, carrying the matter too far, to aflert it in fuch abfolute terms. That there are certain membranes, connecting feveral of the veflels into, as it were, one roll or tube, appears in the nice exami- nation of the tefticles of the rabbit, and fome other animals ; and though there be no parenchyma, or flefhy fubftance, yet it is very probable, by the lubricous appearance of thefe vef- fels on the outflde, that there is originally among and between them a mucous or flimy matter, which may ferve in the place of a parenchyma. Philof. Tranf. N°. 53.
TUNICATED Roots, among botanifts, fuch as are formed of a multitude of coats furrounding one another. See the article Root.
TUNNEL- A^r {Cycl.) — This net muft be made of three- twifted thread, and muft not be too thick : It fhould be dyed green, that the colour may give no fufpicion to the birds, and the mefhes fhould be about two inches and a half broad. Into the hind mefhes, at the larger end, there muft be put a fmooth wooden rod, about the bignefs of a gun-rammmer ; of this muft be made a fort of hoop, both ends being tyed toge- ther, and at different diftances from one another, there muft be placed many more fuch, which are to be rounded in the fame manner, and are to fupport the net Its whole length in the tunnel form. Two ftakes, or ftrong pegs, muft be fattened at the fides of the entrances into the net, and one at the farther end, or narrower part ; the two firft are to keep the mouth of the net fufficiently extended, and the laft is to keep it pulled out lengthwife to its full dimenflons, the hoop preventing its falling in.
There muft be ufed with this net two others of that kind, which they call bafflers. Thefe are long and ftrait net:, and 2re to be fattened down to the mouth of the Tunnel- net on each fide, extending feven or eight fathoms on each fide from it, fo as to take in fourteen or fixteen fathoms in front, befide the breadth of the mouth of the Tunnel-net, and to direct all that fhall move forward within that compafs into the net. In order to ufe this net, a covey of partridges is to be found, and then the net is to be placed at a confiderable diflance be- hind them : When this is fixed, the fportfman is to take a compafs, and get before the birds with a (talking horfe or ftalking ox, and then to move forward, driving them towards the net. This is to be done gently, and carefully, they are not to be driven at once ftrait forwards ; but the fportfman is to wind and turn about, and, at times to ftand ftill, as if the horfe was grazing. If the partridges, in the time of driving, make a ftand, and look at the machine, it is a fign they fiif- pect it, and are ready to take wing 1 In this cafe the fportf- man muft ftand ftill, or even go back a little ; and when they are become compofed again, he is again to advance upon them. If any fmgle bird lies remote from the reft, the fportf- man muft take a compafs round him, and fetch him in ; for if he takes wing the reft will all follow ; in this manner, with patience and caution, the whole covey may be driven like a flock of fheep up to the nets. A real horfe, trained to the purpofe, is, however, much better than a ftalking machine. The halliers, or wings of the Tunnel muft not be pitched ftrait, but in a fort of femicircle ; and the birds, when they ftop their march, will run along them to the middle, where the mouth of the Tunnel is open.
When they come to the mouth of the Tunnel, the old ones will make a ftand, as if to confider what was before them ; but on prefling gently on them with the horfe, the young ones will run in, and then all the reft will follow. The fportfman muft then make all the hafte he can to the mouth of the net, to fecure them from coming back again. The ftalking-horfe is to be made of canvas or linnen, painted in the figure of a horfe, and fupported by two crofs flicks, by which the fportfman carries it before him, fo that his own body is compleatly hid by it. There are to be holes made through it, by which the fportfman fees his game ; and the tail is to be made of hair, and to hang loofe from the body, that it may play in the wind in moving.
TUNNY, a name given by us to the Spanifh mackrel, a larger fifti of the fcomber kind, called by authors thymus and arcynus, by Salvian limofa, and pelamys by Ariftotle, ./Elian, and the other old writers. See Tab. of Fifties, N°. 29. It is properly a fpecies of the fcomber, and is expreflively named by Artedi, the fcomber with eight or nine fins in the hinder part of the back, rifing out of a furrow ; and a furrow at the place of the belly-fins. See the articles Thynnus and Scomber,
TUNUFOLON, in zoology, the name of an Eaft Indian fpe- cies of viper, found principally In the ifland of Ceylon. It is of
a fmall iize, and of a fine fattin-like glofs, beatifully variegated with different fhades of brown. Ray's Syn. An. p. v??.
TUPUTA, in zoology, a name under which Nieremberg has defcribed an American bird, which, he fays, is like a phea- fant in fhape, and loves low bufhes and fedgy places, never flying into high trees, and winch has no flefh, but merely a vaft aflemblage of living worms between the lkin and the bones. Mr. Ray has fufficiently laughed at the abfurdity of this account; which probably had its origin from the diftem- . pered ftate of one bird of fome well known fpecies ; though Nieremberg thinking the worms a fufficient character, has gi- ven no farther account of it. Ray's Ornithol. p. 298.
TURBAN-oVj*//, Cidaris, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of the echinodermata, which are of a hemifpberic or fphe- roidal figure, and have their name from the Latin Cidaris, a Perfian Turban, as in fome degree refembling that head- drels. See Tab. of Teftaceous and Cruftaceous Animals, N°. i, 2, 3, 4.
Of this there are feveral kinds : r. The Cidaris miliaris, fo called from -its eminences or tubercles, being as fmall as the grains of millet. Of this there are three known fpecies ; one with a high top, a fecond with a flatter and more of a hemif- pheric figure, and a third which is fomewhat angular. The fecond kind is the Cidaris variolata. The eminences of this are of a middle fize, between ihofe of the miliary and mammiliary kinds, and fomewhat refemble the puftules of the fmall-pox when ripe, whence they have their name. Of this kind there are three known fpecies : 1. The brifly echinus of Rumphius. 2. The fmall ovarius of Langius. And 3. The Turks Turban of moft authors. And to thefe may be added a fourth, a very remarkable one of an elliptic form, with very few tubercles, and a large mouth. Klein's Echinod. p. 17. The third kind is the Cidaris mammillata, or the mammiliary echini. The tubercles of thefe are very large, and imitate the appearance of breafts, with nipples to them. Of thefe alfo there are two known fpecies. i. The fingered echino- metra of Rumphius. 2. The fpecies called the moor's Turban. The fourth kind is the Cidaris coronal'ts ; the tubercles of which are fo difpofed as to make it reprefent the diadem of antient kings. Of this there is only one known fpecies, and that extremely rare.
The fifth kind is the Cidaris corollaris ; the tubercles of which are fo difpofed, as to imitate the garlands made of flowers. Of this there are two known fpecies, the one thicker, and the other thinner.
The fixth kind is the Cidaris ajler'ifans. Of this there is only one known fpecies, the tubercles of which are difpofed in form of a radiating ftar.
The feventh is the Cidaris ajfulata, or tiled Cidaris. This is fo called, becaufe the feveral parts of the fhell aire joined tranfverfely to one another. Of thefe there are eight known fpecies. 1. Olearius's fpecies, compofed of twenty orders of aflula?. 2. Aldrovandus's ecbinornetra maxima pelagua Sardica. 3. The flammated kind, the vertex of which has ten rays, like fo many flames. 4. The variegated kind, whofe tubercles are variegated with white, and a fine rofe colour. 5. The puftulofe kind, which is thick befet with tubercles, refembling ripe puftules. 6. The gra- nulated kind ; the tubercles of which are very fmall. 7. The fmooth kind, with a flat crown. 8. That fpecies called by Mercatus anacbytis, which has a very gibbofe back. The eighth kind is the botryoide Cidaris. Of this there -is only one known fpecies, which bears a very great refemblance to the central part of the fea ftar-fiih, with contracted frag- ments of the rays.
The ninth kind is the Cidaris toreumatica. This has its name from the Latin torcuma, fignifying a chafed or wrought plate, the fuperficies of this being as if chafed and engraved into figures. There is only one known fpecies of this genus. This clafs of the echinodermata is made out by the afliftance of the foflile, as well as the recent animals ; many of the kinds: being now unknown on any fhores. Id. Ibid.
TURBINATA OJJ'a, the name of the turbinated bones of the nofe. See the article Nose, Cycl.
TURBINATUM, a name given by fome to the glandula pine- alis. -
TURBINES, in natural hiftory. See the article Turbo,
TURBINITiE, foflile fhells of the turbo kind, or ftones found in thofe fhells. Among the people who have objected to the fhells found buried in the earth being the remains of real animals, it has been alledged by fome, that thefe in particular are always of a blackifli or afh-colour, when found in chalk or clay, and white from the rocks, or when they have been bed- ded in ftone.
To this Auguftmo Scilla has very judicioufly anfwered, that the Turbinita found in chalk and clay, are not the real fhells, but are ftones which have been formed in thofe fhells, the fhells themfelves, which gave fhape to them, being decayed and gone ; whereas thofe found bedded in ftone, are, at this time, the fhells themfelves, preferved in their natural beauty by the hardnefs of the bed they lie in ; or, if not real fhells, that the only ftone which can form itfelf there being fpar, that is white, and the fhells giving origin to fuch a ftone will
appear
