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flower whiah wc keep in gardens, was the plant that afforded the Turttefil colour : But this is a miftake ; and it is to be obferved, that the true Turnsjol plant here defcribed, is very common in the fields of France and Germany, but does not £row wild with us in England,
The juice of the berries of the Turmfol rubbed upon paper of cloth, at the firft appears of a freih lovely green, but pre- fently changes into a kind of bluifh purple. The fame cloth, afterwards wet in water, and wrung out, will turn the water into a claret-colour : And it is to be obferved, that thefe are the rags of cloth ufually called Turnefol in the druggifts {bops. BoyFs Works abr. vol. 2. p. 79.
The lixivium of this plant in lime-water and urine, or in the volatile fpirit of wine, turns marble blue. See the article Colouring ^Marble.
Turnesol, in botany, i?c. See the article Helig-tRo^- pium.
TURNING (Cyc!.)— TuRXiuc-Evil, in cattle, adifeafe that caufes them frequently to turn round in the fame place* It b alfo called thcjlurdy.
The common remedy, recommended by Mr. Markham, is to throw the beaft down, and bind him ; then to open his flcull, and take out a little bladder, filled with water and'blood, which ufually lies near the membrane of the brain, and then gradually heal the wound. Boyle's Works abr. vol. 1.
p. 8 7 .
TURNO Vieecemitum, a writ that lies for thofe that are called to the Jheriffs turn, out of their own hundred. Reg, orig. 173. Shunt, CaWil.
TURNSTONE, in zoology, the Englifh name of a bird called by authors the morinellus mafinus, or fea-dottercl. It is a little larger than the blackbird; its bead moderately thick, and its body of a longifh fhape ; its beak a finger's breadth long, thick at the bafe, and (harp at the point j and its head, neck, moulders, wings, and the upper part of its breaff, are of a brownilh colour ; its throat and belly are mow-white; the middle of its back has a very large white blotch ; and its rump is variegated by a broad tranfverfe Break of black ; its legs are fhort, and of a reddith yellow or orange
_ colour. Ray's Ornithol. p. 231.
I URONILLA, in zoology, a name given by fome authors to the common little prickly fifti called thejlickUtact or larnjli- cle, and more ufually known among authors by the names pugnitius and atnbatm pijckulus. Rondelet. de Aquat. p. 9. See the article Pugnitius.
TURPENTINE [Cyel.)— In the diftilling of Turpentine and other balfams by a gentle heat, it has been obferved, that there arifes firft an acid fpirit, that will mix with water; which fpirit, except the fire be very gentle, is loft. This grateful acid fpirit, that firft comes over, is, as a learned che- mift and phyfician informs us, highly refrigeratory, diuretic, fudorific, balfamic, or prefervative from putrefaction, excel lent in nephritic cafes, and for quenching thirft ; all which virtues the bifhop of Cloyne thinks contained in the cold infu- fionoftar, which draws forth only its fine flower, or quintef- cence, or the native vegetable fpirit, together with a little vo- latile oil. See the article TaR-Wi/o-.
Turpentine is a fine refin, whereof there are four kinds in ufe; the Turpentine of Chios or Cyprus, which flows from the Turpentine-tree ; the Venice Turpentine, which is got by piercing the larch-tree; the Stralburgh Turpentine, which IVJr. Ray informs us is procured from the knots of the filver fir ; it is fragrant, and grows yellow with age. The fourth and laft kind is common Turpentine, which is neither fo tranfparent nor fo liquid as the former ; and this Mr. Ray takes to flow from the mountain pine. All thefe Turpentines are ufelul in the fame intention. Theophraftus fays, the beft refin or Turpentine is got from the terebinthus growing in Syria, and fome of the Greek iflands. The next beft is that from the lilver fir and pitch-pine.
Turpentine may be of ufe to preferve the bodies of infeas. Mr. Boyle ■ took clear Venice Turpentine, and evaporating to two thirds, obtained a reddifh tranfparent gum, clear of bubbles, cahly foluble by heat, and as eafily rendered brittle by cold. Having firft pulverized it, he melted it for ufe, with a gentle heat, and dipped the body to be preferved feveral times therein,
till it acquired a cafe of due thicknefs ['Works abr. vol. 1
p- 29, 30.]
Oil of Turpentine. The nil of Turpentine, taken in too large a dofe, hath often very bad confequences, fuch as a ftrangury, bloody urine, and its total fuppreffion, with a fe- ver, violent thirft, and vomiting.
In the Medic. EfT. Edinb. vol. 2. art. 5. we have an account ofluch fymptoms produced by the taking two drams of this oil in warm ale. The patient was cured by a warm bath and drinking plentifully of Puller's emulflo ArMca.
Turpentine-7to. This tree, befides its proper fruit which fucceeds the flowers in the ufual way, is remarkable for pro- ducing what authors of little curiolity have named another fruit, called its horn. This horn is a membranous production, of the length and thicknefs of a man's finger ; and what fur- prized thofe authors who efteemed it a fort of pod, was to find that it produced not feeds, but living animals, which they called fires.
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The true hiflory of this horn is, that it grows from the fur- face of the leaves, not from the ftalks in the manner of fruit ; and is no natural product ion of the tree, but a mere acciden- tal thing, occafioned by the wound of an infect on the leaf. There are a genus of fmall animals called puceroni, fome of Which have wings, others not, and which we fee very fre- quently in vaft clufters on the leaves and ftalks of leveral plants. A certain fpecies of thefe animals is peculiarly fond of the juices of the Turpentine-tree, and always takes its abode upon its leaves. The female of this animal, foon after it is produced from its parent, makes its way under the covering or upper membrane of the leaf, and there lives fecure till it produces its young. Thefe, as foon as they are brought forth, begin to fuck, and fixing ufually upon the fides and top of the cavity in which they are placed, they occafion a gFeat deriva- tion of juices to that part of the membrane of the leaf which covers them ; and the confequence of this is, that it rifes up from the leaf, and begins to grow into a long body ; the for- mation of this afterwards is the fame with that of all other galls, and is owing to the fame caufe, a wrong derivation of juices. This gall-horn, or bladder, which ever it be called, continues to grow in length, till it burit fomewhere at the fides, and then the winged and creeping brood appear. This, though efteemed fo great a wonder by many, is far from be- ing peculiar to this tree, for our common elm affords galls much of the fame kind. See the article Puceron.
Turpentine-?"™-, in botany. See the article Terebin- thus.
TURREBA, the Earth- Apple, in natural hiftory, a name given by the people of Guinea, and fome other parts of Africa, to a very fine kind of truffle, which they find in great plenty in their barren defarts, four or five inches under the fand.
TURRITIS, Tower -Mujiartl, in botany, a genus of plants which have four-leaved cruciform flowers, fucceeded by long pods, containing a number of feeds. The plants of this £e~ nus differ from the hefperis, in that they have flat pods ; from the leucoium, in that the feeds are not marginated ; and from the cabbage, both in the flatnefs of the pods, and in the whole appearance of the plant.
The fpecies of Turritis, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: I. The common or larger Tower- Mujlard. 2. The fmaller Tower-Mujlard. 3. The branched Turritis. 4. The leucoium-leaved Turritis. 5. The cut-leaved alpine Turritis. 6. The Turritis with the lower leaves like thofe of fuccory, the others perfoliate. And 7. The purple fpring Turritis. Tourn. Inft. p. 223.
TURSIG, in zoology, a name by which Bellonius, Scaliger, and feveral others, have called the pboetsna or porpejje, di- flinctively from the dolphin, with which it is confounded by the vulgar, Wtlhtg big's Uift. Kfc. p. 31. See the articles Delphinus and Phoctena.
TURTLE, in zoology. See the article Turtur.
Turtle, in ichthyology, the name by which we commonly call the great fea tortoife. See the article Testudo.
TURTUR, in zoology, the Turtle-Dtmt, a very beautiful lit- tle bird of the pigeon kind. The head, neck, and back, are of the bluifti- grey colour of the common pigeon, with fome mixture of a reddifh brown near the rump, and at the bottom, of the neck. Its breaft and belly are white ; but its throat of a fine bright purple ; and the fides of the neck are variegated with a fort of ringlet of beautiful white feathers, with black bafes. It feeds on hempfeed, and other vegetable matters. IVUlughbfslWfc. Avium, p. 134.
Turtur, in ichthyology, a name given by Paulus Jovius, and fome other writers, to the fifh called the pajlinacha marina. It is the tragon and trygon of the old writers, and is a fpecies of the rayfilh diftinguiihed by Artedi by the name of the fmooth- bodied ray, with no fin in the tail, but with a bony fpine in it, ferrated on one fide.
Turtur, the Turtle-Shell, in natural hiftory, the name given by the collectors of (hells to a very beautiful fpecies of murex, common in the cabinets, but not found any where on the fliores. This is owing to its having greatly altered its appear- ance in the polifhing ; for it is no other than the white and brown-mouthed murex, which is common in its rough ftate, with its outer coat taken oft. See the article Murex.
TUSHES, in the manege, are the fore-teeth of a horfe, feated beyond the corner teeth, upon the bars ; where they fhoot forth on each fide of the jaws, two above, and two below, about the age of three, three and a half, and fometimes four : and no milk or foal- teeth ever come up in the place where they grow. See the article Teeth.
TUSSILAGO, Coltsfoot, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The flower is of the radiated kind. The difk is compofed of flofcules ; and the outer circle of femi-flofcules ; thefe ftand upon the embryo, feeds, and are all contained in a fcaly cup. Thefe embryos finally become feeds winged "with down, and adhering to the thalamus of the flower. To this it is to be added, that the flowers appear before the leaves. Tourn. Inft. p. 487. There is no other known fpecies of this plant but the common Coltsfoot. Sec Tab. 1. of Botany, Clafs 14.
4 The
