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figure, there is no ncceffity for grinding : For, a fmootii and flat piece of glafs, of a competent thicknefs, being carefully laid upon a (hallow concave cylinder of iron, fo that the edges of both touch, the heat of a' fire, warily applied, will foften the glafs, and (tiger it to fink into the form required. See Works abr. vol. i. p. 135.
Watch-G/i7/j, aboard a Ihip, runs four hours, and is ufed to ihift or change their Watches by. There are alfo half-watches, hour-glajfes, minute, and half-minute-glajfes ; by which Jail they count the knots when they heave the log, in order to find the fhip's way.
WATER, (Cycl.) in natural hiftory. See the Appendix.
Water-Boot^, a name given by our chemift Godfrey to a ma- chine he invented on the plan of Greyl's difcovery, for the extinguishing accidental fires in houfes. He conftdered firft, that the unmanageable fize of Greyl's engine was a very great . objection ; and on this plan contrived a medicated liquor, which was fuch an enemy to fire, that a very fmall quantity would extinguish as much as a greatly larger of common water ; and this liquor had the farther advantage, that it might be kept ever fo long without corrupting, and by that means the veffcls containing it would remain always lit for u!e ; whereas in Greyl's method they mult have been rotted by the corrupting and fermenting of the water, after a few years. The author of this invention tried it twice in public with us, and both times with all the fuccefs that could be wifhed : but the ffruiSture of the veliel was fo much the fame with that of Greyl's, that Godfrey cannot be allowed any farther merit, as an inventor, than that of contriving the medicated liquor inftead of common water. The machine is a wooden vellcl, made very firm and flrong, that the liquor, when once put in, cannot leak out any where ; in the center of this is an oblong cylindric veficl, which is filled with gun-powder; a tube is brought from this to the head of the barrel, and this being filled with combulfible matter, and the inner cafe with pow^ der, and both made of plate-iron, that no water may get in, the vcfl'el is then filled with the medicated liquor. The top of the tube is then covered, and the thing fet by for ufe. When there is occafion for it, it is only necellary to uncover the tube, and fetting fire to the matter in it, it is conveyed to the veficl containing the powder, and the whole machine being thrown into the place where the fire is, is torn to pieces by the explofion, and the extinguifhing liquor fcattered every way about, on which the fire is quenched in an inftant. The contriver of thefe things propofed the making three kinds of them, the one containing five gallons of the liquet j this was the largeft fize, and contrived for the larger! rooms, and moft urgent neceffities. The fecond kind contained three gallons ; and the fmalleft, which was meant for a clofet, or other little room, contained only two gallons. The fmallcr kind alfo had fometimes a peculiar difference in their ft rufture, the powder-veffel being placed not in the center, but at the bottom : the intent of this was to fit them for chimneys, when on fire, as by this means the liquor, not being wanted to be leattered on all fides, was carried moftly upwards. Thefe were fixed on the end of a long pole, and by this means thruft to a proper height up the chimney ; and tile tube that com- municated the fire was placed downward. The manner of ufing the machines for rooms on fire, is this : the perfon who has the care of them is to throw them as nearly as may be into the middle of the room, and then to retire to a little diftance : As foon as he hears the ex- plofion, he may fafely enter the room, and with a cloth, or any thing of that kind, put out any remaining fparks of fire that there may be in particular places. If the room be fo large that one of the machines cannot difperfe the liquor to every part of it, two are fo be ufed, one being laid at each end ; and if feveral rooms are on fire at once, as many of the machines are to be ufed, one being thrown into each room. If a whole houfe is on fire, the lower rooms are firft to be taken care of, and after thefe the upper, as theyafcend. Our Godfrey had fcarce better fuccefs than his predecellbr Greyl ; for while he was making his public experiments, one^ Povcy, collecting fome of the fragments of his broken yeflils, found out the ingredient ufed in the medicated liquor, and made and fold the things in the fame place where he had proved Ids right to them. It is probable that the medicated liquor was no other than common water, with a large quan- tity of fal armoniac, that fait having this virtue of extinguifh- ing fire in a very remarkable degree : But it is greatly to be wondered at, that while all the world were convinced by ex- periments of the ufe of the machine, the author made but lit- tle advantage of it, and it is now difufed. Aa. Erudit. Ann. 1724. p. 183. WATER-Dog. The fportfmen generally efteem the black fiPaiw-fpaniels above thofe of any other colour, they being generally the moft hardy. If there be any farther judgment to he made from the colour, it is, that the fpotted or pied arc generally the quicker! at fcent, and the fimple liver-coloured ihe quickeft at fwimming. Thefe, however, are but very uncertain rules to judge by, and .the things principally to be reg irded arc the dogs being of a good breed, ami well taught. As to the fhape, the head of a good !Vater-&o>* is generally
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rouiid, and the hair curling, the ears large and broad,' ant! hanging down ; the eyes full and lively, the nofe fhort, and the lips like a hound's. The neck fhouid be thick and fhort, the (boulders broad, the legs {trait, and the chine fquare. The buttocks fhouid be round, and the thighs brawncy. The patterns ftrong, and the fore-feet round. The hair in gene- ral fhouid be long and curled* not loofe and fhaggy. As to the training up a dog for fporting, the matter of him cannot begin when he is too young, the principal thing to be taught being obedience, and that being belt taught while the creature is young. As foon as he can lap, he fhouid be taught to couch and lie clofe at commandj and not to dare to fiir from that pofture till he is ordered; he will foon be brought to this by beating when he difobcys, and encouraging him when he does right. He fhouid always be taught before the times of his eating, and never have his food given him, but when he has done fomething to deferve it. This will teach him always to do well, for the fake of the expe&ed victuals. No perfon fhouid ever interfere in the teaching, for two matters breed a eonfufion, and the creature never will learn well from them.
The teacher mutt be careful always to ufe the fame words in his leflbns ; thole words are to be chofen which are the moft plain in their founds, and the moft dittinct from one another ; and when thefe are once fixed upon, they muft never be al- tered ; for the dog, being guided wholly by the found, not at all by the fenfe, any alteration of them* though the change be into words of the fame fenfe, quite confounds the creature.- I he word down is fhort and expreflive, and no other need be ufed when he is ordered to couch ; but tin's being once given him, is never to be varied afterwards. The next found he fhouid be taught after this, is the word of correction, for no leflbn can be given but faults will be committed, and no fault fhouid pafs without correcT ion or blame ; in this cafe the word firrah, fpoke angrily, will always be underftood : This, at firft, fliould be ufed with a lafh or a blow, and after a time he will know it as a word of difpleafure, and it will do for fmall faults without the blow. Certain words of cherifhing and encouragement muft alfo be taught him at the fame time, as good boy, or the like, ufing always, with them actions and looks of chearfulnefs and pleafure, as clapping bim on the back, and the like. After thefe, he muft be taught the mean- ing of fome words of advice, to put him in mind of his buli- nefs, when he is out upon the fport, fuch as take heed, or the like. Thefe will not only fet him upon the watch, and make him diligent ; but he will alfo be careful and cunning, and at the fame time chearful and pleafcd in himfelf, at knowing that he is doing his matter a pleafure.
When the young dog is thus far inftructed, and knows the meaning of the words of inftruction, correction, encourage- ment, and advice, and will couch and lie down at his matter's feet, how and when he plcafes, and that with the fignal of a word, or a look only ; he is then to be taught to follow clofe at his matter's heels, by leading him by a line tied to his col- lar ; he is to be carefully taught this, fo that when taken out to the fport, he muft neither run under the legs, nor hang too far back ; this alfo will tend to the making him the more obedient. When he has been thus taught to follow with a line, he muft be taught to follow in the fame manner, loofe, and without a line, and always to be at his matter's heels. The next leflbn he is to be taught, is to fetch and carry any thing he is commanded ; this muft be taught him by way of fport, as a diverfion, by fhaking a glove at his head, and teaching him to fnatch it, and afterwards to catch it when thrown from the hand, and bring it back again; this he is to be encouraged in with cherifhing words, and all other means.
The beft method of perfecting the creature in this, is by let- ting him have no food, but what he earns by doing well, always feeding him when he docs as he fliould do. If he carry the glove away, or play wantonly with it, and refufe to bring it back, his matter is to ufe the word of inttruition, as take heed : If this does not bring him to, he is to u(e the word of correction ; and if he does not bring it back at this, he muft proceed to blows ; and on many other trials, lie muft have nothing given him to eat, till he has done as he ought, and has it by way of reward. When by this means he is taught fo well, that he will bring back the glove, wherever it is thrown, and carry it only to his matter, though he is in com- pany with other pcrfons, who all call him, he is then to be cherifhed and encouraged, and taught to bring back any thing elfe that is thrown, whetherfticks, ftones, orany thing whatever. After this, he is to be taught to carry dead fowl, and finally live ones, and this with fo tender a mouth, as not to hurt them : thus he will be taught at length to bring the fowl that his matter fhoots, without tearing them or hurting a feather.
The next lcflon is to be taught by taking him out in the field, and dropping fomething unknown to him ; after he is come to fome diftance from the place, be is to be fent back to feck for it, and if he bring it back, he is to be encouraged. If he bring back a wrong tiling, he is to be encouraged for the at- tempt, and fent back again : By repeating this at different
diftances
