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knows to be highly caudic ; and is therefore condemned by Dr. Mead; itncc its 'corrofive quality muft be injurious to the bladder. However, under proper management, he thinks it may be of fome fervice in expelling gravel by the urinary pafiages ; tho' it will never be able to break calculi of the hardnefs of {tone : And beftdes, its long continued ufe mutt be attended with great danger, for the reafons a- bove given. And as for its fubftitute, the foap-lees, though it be a medicine of a more commodious form for taking, yet it will not prove much fafer in its confequences, for the fame reafons. Mead t Monit. and Pract. Medic, pag. 199, feq.
Dr. Whytt of Edinburgh, after confidcring the inconve- niencies, and fometimes the mifchiefs alfo, of this cele- brated fpecific, refolved to omit the foap, and try what vir- tues lime-water might have in diflblving the calculus. See the article LiME-water, Append.
His firft experiments were made on fever.il fragments of cal- culi, with lime-water, from common quick-lime; and af- terwards refolving to try the power of animal lime, he re- peated them with lime-water made with oyfter-fhells and cockle-fhells, well calcined, by pouring feven or eight pints of water on one pound of the frefh- calcined {hells. The experiments fucceeded with both forts ; but he foon found, that the oyder and cockle-fhell lime-water poffefled a much greater power of diflblving the calculus, than that of the ftone-lime.
He therefore propofes the drinking of fhell-lime-water to the quantity of four pints, every day, for adults ; and for children lefs in proportion : And he concludes with inftances of the happy effects of this method. However, as dones of great hardnefs can never be diffolved by any medicine what- foever, Dr. Mead recommends, in thefe cafes, a new method of cutting for the Stone. Id. ibid. See the article Litho- tomy, Append,
Dr. Hartley has published, in the London Gazette, the fol- lowing receipt for making a lithontriptk electuary. Take five pounds of Alicant foap, fhaved, and one pound ofoyder- fiiell-Iime ; put them into a tin veflel, and pour upon them five quarts of water; make the water boil, till the foap be perfectly diffolved in it, and then drain all into a glazed earthen veflel. Expofe this mafs to the air, flirring it every day, till it becomes both mild to the tafte, and of a proper confidence to be formed into pills, or long pellets, without flicking to the fingers. This may be expected to happen in two or three months. If it becomes fufficiently mild before it has acquired a due confidence, it may be brought to this, by being heated over the fire, in a tin veflel : If it acquires a too hard confidence, before it is fufficiently mild, it mud be foftened with water. This is what the Doctor calls the li- thontriptk mafs or electuary ; which he orders to be made in a tin veflel, becaufe a brafs or copper one would make it emetic.
He gives another more expeditious way of making it, which is this : Pour two gallons of water upon a pound of oyder- fhell lime j dir it two or three times, and when it has fallen to the bottom, pour off the clear part of the water. Repeat this fifteen or twenty times, or till the clear water, which is poured off, be almod tadelefs ; leaving about five pints of water upon the lime, after the lad ablution. Then pour this mixture of water and dulcified lime upon five pounds of Ali- cant-foap, fhaved ; and proceed as directed in the firft receipt. The mafs, prepared in this manner, will be fit for ufe in a few days, or even immediately ; but then the Doctor prefers the foregoing receipt, where time can be allowed for it. If the mafs of foap and oyder-fhell lime, dulcified in either of the above-mentioned ways, be made of the confidence of an electuary, it is then called the Bthontriptic electuary ; wheh for cure is more convenient than the mafs, for thofe who de- fire to take the medicine diffolved in a liquid vehicle, as milk, water fweetened with honey or fugar, water flavoured with brandy or rum, and fmall beer.
'Where a perfon is fuppofed to have a large Stone in the kid- neys or bladder, he ought to take every day as much of the mafs, or ele&uary, as contains two ounces of the foap, un- lefs his pain and provocation to make water be violent ; in which cafe it will be proper to begin with about half this quan- tity, and to increafe it as he can bear. The medicine ought alfo, in this cafe, to be dulcified, in an extraordinary de- gree.
By this medicine, the Doctor thinks the generation of gravel, and gravel-dones, may be entirely prevented. See the article Stone, Append. '
It is likewife recommended in diforders of the ftomach and bowels, arifing from, or attended with acidities there; and in gouty habits. The patient may, in many of thefe cafes, be- gin with fuch a quantity every day, as contains an ounce of Joap, and afterwards increafe or leifen this quantity, as he finds occafion. LITHOTOMY (Cyd.) — We have an hiftory of the lateral operation for the done by Monf. Morand, who argues, that the methods of Celfus, Frere Jacques, Rau, and Chefel- den, are in the main the fame. See Mem. de L'Acad, des Sciences, 1731. APPEND.
LOG
Mr. Chefelden's method is deferred in his anatdhly, Chap, VI. of the filth edition This method of cutting for the ftone is much recommended by Dr. Mead ; who afiVes us, that now not only children and youths, but alfo perfons advanced in years, may fuDmit to this operation, without great dan- ger ; and in cafe the ftone prove too big to be extrafted without tearing the neck of the bladder, it is now no longer neccflary to fplit the (tone, before the extradion ; the inven- tion of which is afcribed to Ammonias, a Greek phy- fician, who from thence was furnamed (tiSwfe®-; the litho- tomift. Mead, Monit. and Prafi. Med. p. 203; Mr. Houftet has collected a great many inftances of (tones lodged m facs formed in the bladder, from which it was impoffible to extraft them, without tearing the bladder, or cutting on one fide of the fac, which Mr Ga- rengeot did once with fuccefs. In fome of the cafes which he mentions, the veffels of the bladder were in appearance grown into the ftone, and the extraaion of the ftone was at- tended with a mortal hemorrhage. Sec Mem. de L'Acad do Chiruig. Tom. I.
The diftenfion of the bladder with a liquor in performing the high operation for the Stone, is attended with difficulties ef~ penally in women. Dr. Kulm has therefore contrived an elevatory catheter for that fex. The bending of the in- (trument is fitted to the turn of the os pubis, and its great curve, inftead of being only furrowed, is pierced quite through. He introduces this, with its convexity to one fide, then gently faifes it to the hypogaftrium, and cuts fecurely upon it. See Nov. Afl. Eruuit. Lipf. Mart. 1732.
LITHOZUGIA, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of foffils, ot the clafs of the Scnipi, compofed of a cryftalline matter a little debafed, and containing within them various extraneous bodies, as pebbles. &c. See the article Scrupi Append.
Dr. Woodward has ranked this genus among the pebbles, be- caufe of the pebbles they contain ; which is by no means a fufficient rcafon for confounding two fuch different loffils ; the Lithozugia approaching to the nature of flint. Mercatus and other naturalifts have called the Lithozugia ccu- lati lapides ; and among Englifh lapidaries they are known by the name of Pudding-Jlones. See the article Oculatus Lapis, Suppl.
Ot this genus we have the following fpecies, 1. The yellow- ifh-white Lithozugium, filled with pebbles. 2. The green- ifh-white Lithozugium, filled with pebbles. 3. The red Li- thozugium, filled with pebbles. Vid. Hill, Hid. Foff. p. 557. —559- ,
Behdes thefe, there are other Lithozugia of a coarfer texture, approaching to the nature of quarry-Hone ; of thefe we have the following fpecies : 1. The flefh coloured Lithozugium, filled with reddifli, impure, cryftalline nodules. 2. The bluifh and glittering Lithozugium, filled with white, impune, cryftalline nodules. 3. The whitiftl- green elegant' Lithozu- gium, filled with cryftalline nodules: And, 4." The friable, pale-red Lithozugium, variegated with white veins, and red nodules. Hill, Hilt. Foil", p. 560—562.
LIVE ever, a name fometimes given to the anacampferos, or orpin, a diftincT: genus of plants. See the article Anacamp- seros, Suppl.
Live in idlcnefs, a name fometimes ufed for the violet. See the article Viola, Suppl.
LIVER (Suppl.) — Infarllion of i/jcLiver. See the article Hepatis Infarclus, Suppl.
LIZARD'S tail, the Englifh name of a genus of plants, defcrib- ed by Linnaeus under that of Saururus. See the article Sau- rurus, Suppl.
LOCKER-goivlans, a name by which fome call a fpecies of Hellebore. See the article Helleborus, Suppl.
LOCUST, or St. John's bread, in botany, names ufed by fome for the Ceratonia, or Siliaua, of botanifts, See the ar- ticle Siliqua, Suppl.
Baftard Locust, a name fometimes ufed for a diftinct genus of plants, called by botanifts Courbaril, or Hymeneea: ; See the article Hvmenjea, Suppl.
Locust of Virginia, a name by which a fpecies of acacia is fometimes called. See the article Acacia, Suppl.
Locvsr-tree, in botany, a name given by the people of the Weft-Indies to a fpecies of Acacia. See the article Aca- cia, Suppl.
LOGARITHM (Suppl.) — In the common tables of Loga- rithms we find the Logarithm correfponding to any given num- ber within the limits of the table, by infpection ; but it is of ufe alfo to have a table wherein the Logarithms are placed in their natural order, from o to 100,000 for inftance, and with the correfponding natural numbers ; fo that a Logarithm being given, we may find the correfponding number by infpection only, which can feldom be done by the common tables ; nor can the correfponding number to a Logarithm not in the table be found without fome trouble.
A table of this fort is called by Dr. Wallis an anti-logarith- mic canon ; and by this canon a Logarithm being given, its number may be found with the fame facility that a Logarithm of a given number may be found by the common canon.
JE
Dr.
