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a Building, which intimated there Lad been antiently _ Mon iftcry ; that fomc Years before, an old Monk, a Pricft of Calabria, by Revelation, as he pretended, from the Prophet Elms, fix'd there, and afiembled ten Brothers. In lz0 ?>. filbert. Patriarch of Jerufalem, gave the Solitaries a rigid Rule ; which Papebrcch has fince printed. In 1:17, or, according to others, 12:6, Pope Honcrius III. approv'd and confirm'd it ; tho it was after mitigated by Innocent IV. S. Louis brought fome of thefe Carmelites with him from the Holy Land into France. Many of the 'Poles give them the Titles of Brothers of the Btefjed Vir- gin. This Order is eminent for the Devotion of the Sca- plllary, for its Millions, and for the great Number of Saints it has ftock'd the Romijb Church withal. In the laft Century, there were four Canonizations in this Order, viz. of S. Therefa, S. Andrew Cor/in, S. Mag. de <Pazzi, and S. J. de le Croix.
The Order of the Carmelites is divided into two Bran- ches, viz. Carmelites of the antient Obfervance, call'd the mitigated, or moderate ; and thofe of the ftricl Obfer- vance, cail'd Barefooted Carmelites. The antient Obfer- vance has only one General, under whom are 40 Provinces 5 and the Congregation of Mantua, which has a Vicar-Ge- neral. The Ariel Obfervance has two Generals ; one in Sfam, having fix Provinces under his Command ; and ano- ther in Italy, with 12 in feveral Parts of Europe.
%arefootedCi-RMEiiTns,are?, Reform of the antientOr- me/ites, fct on foot )n 1 540, by S. Therefa ; fo call'd from their going barefooted. She began with the Convents of Nuns, whom me reftor'd to the primitive Aufterity of the Order, which had been mitigated by Innocent IV. in 1245 ; and at length carry'd the fame Reform among the Friars. Pius \ approv'd the Defign, and Gregory III. confirm'd the Re.orrn in 1580. There are two Congregations of barefooted Carmelites, which have each their General, and their levcral Confiitutions : The one the Congregation of Spam, divided into fix Provinces; the other call'd the Con- gregation of Italy, comprehending all the reft, not depend- ing on Spain.
'Knights of Mount Caemel, are a Military Order of Knights Hofpitallers, inftitutcd in KS07, by Henry IV. of France, under the Title, Habit, and Rule of our Lady of Mount Carmel ; and in conference of the BuU of Pope 'Paul V. in i<ro8, united to the Order of St. Lazarus of ■Jerufalem, with all its Commandarics, Priories, and other Goods, for its Endowment.
The Founder propos'd it to confift of 100 French Gen- t emen, who fliould be oblig'd, in Times of War, to march dole to the Kings of France, as their Guard. Authors are much divided, whether to call this a new Institution, or a Reftauration of that of S. Lazarus; tho 'tis generally carry d from the former. See Lazarus.
CARMEN, an antient Term among the Latins, us'd, in its general Senfe, to fignify a Verfi ; but in its proper Senfe a Spell, or Charm, form of Expiation, Execration, gjc couch'd in a few Words, plac'd in a myftic Order, on which its efficacy depended. See Verse, Charm, tfc.
Sonic fetch the Origin of the poetical Carmina hence ; , r J' !" e y t0 ? k that Nam e f'-om their Refemblance to thefe Spells : Others, on the contrary, fay, that the Spells had their Origin from the Poetical Verfes, and took their Name trom their refemblance thereto.
Vigenere derives Carmen from Carmenta, becaufe that 1 ropheters couch d her Predictions in Verfes, or Ihort Pe- riods : but others fay, the Prophetefs took the Name Car- menta, born Carmen, on the fame account. See Carmen-
TALIA.
Pezron fetches the Original of Carmen, from the Celtic Carm, the Shout of Joy, or the Verfes which the an- tient Bards lung, to encourage the Soldiers before the Combat : adding, that the. Greek xw », fignifies Combat and Joy, which is true ; but then it does not come from the Celtic Carm, but from v«»«, vaudeo
CARMENTALIA, a Feaft among the old Romans, ce- lebrated annually on the 15 th of January, in honour of Carmenta, or Carmentis, a Prophetefs of Arcadia, Mother of Evandc,; with whom me came into Italy 60 Years be- fore the Trojan War. This Feaft was eftablifh'd on occa- fion of a great Fecundity among the Roman Dames, after a general Reconciliation with their Husbands, with whom they had been at variance, in regard of the ufe of Coaches heing prohibited them by an Edict of the Senate. 'Twas the Women who ce ebtated this Feaft : He who offet'd the Sacrifices, was call d Sacerdos Carmentalis
Authors are divided about the Origin of tlie Word Car menta ; Vigenere fays, the Prophetefs was fo call'd &iiafi Carens Mente, out of her Senfes, or out of her ielf • by reafon of the Enthufiafm fhe frequently fell into. Others fay, Hie took her Name from Carmen, Verfe ; becaufe her Prophefies were couch'd in Verfes : but Vigenere, on the contrary, maintains Carmen to be deriv'd from Carmenta Sec Carmen.
CARMINATIVES, in Medicine, are Remedies, who ther Simple or Compound, us'd in a Cholic, or other fia- tulent Diftemper ; to difpel the Wind.
The four Carminative Flowers, arc thofe of Camomile. Melilot, Motherwort, and Dill.
The Word comes from the Latin Carminare, to card, clcanfe, purge ; rho Dr. guincy makes its Origin more myfterious: he fays, it comes from the Word Carmen, tak- ing it in the Senfe of an Invocation, or Charm ; and makes it to have been a general Name for all Medicines which operated like Charms, i. e. in an extraordinary manner. Hence, as the moil violent Pains were frequently thofe arifing irom pent-up Wind, which immediately ceaie upon Dif- perfion ; the Term Carminative became in a peculiar Senfe apply'd to Medicines which gave Relief in windy Cafes, as it they cur'd by Inchantment. But this Derivation ap- pears a little too much ftrain'd.
CARMINE, a red Colour, very vivid, bordering fome- what on the Purple, us'd by Painters in Miniature ; and fometimes Painters in Oil, tho rarely, by reafon of its ex- cefiive Price. Carmine is rhe molt valuable Produa of the Cochineal Mettique ; which is a Fecula or Sediment, refiding at the botom of the Water, wherein is fteep'd Cochineal Couan, and Autour : Some add Rocou, but this gives the Carmine too much of the Orange caft. To be good, it mult be almoft in an impalpable Pouder. See Red, Miniature, £r?c.
Some make Carmine with Brafile Wood, Fernambouc,, and Gold Leaf, beat in a Mortar, and fteep'd in Whitewine Vinegar ; the Scum arifing from this Mixture, upon boiling, when dry'd,^ makes Carmine : But this Kind is vaftly infe- rior to the former.
CARNATION, Flefi-Colour, in Painting, is underftood of all the Parts of a Picture in general which reprefent Flefli ; or which are naked and without Drapery. 'Titian and Corregio, in Italy, and Rubens and Van Dyke in Flan- ders, excell'd in Carnations. See Colouring.
It muft be here obferv'd, that the Wotd Carnation is not properly us'd for any particular Part of the Perfon paint- ed ; but for the whole Nudity of the Piece.
CARNAVAL, or CARNIVAL, a Seafon of Mirth and Rejoicing, obferv'd with great Solemnity by the Italians, and particularly at Venice. The Carnaval Time commen- ces from Tw.-lfth Day, and holds till Lent.
Feafts, Balls, Operas, Concerts of Mafic, Intrigues, Mar- riages, tSc. are chiefly held in Carnaval Time. Tho Word is form'd of rhe Italian Carnavate ; which M. 'Du Cange derives from Cam-a-val, by reafon the Flefti then goes to Pot, to make amends for the Seafon of Abftinence enfuing. Accordingly, in the corrupt Latin, he obfetves, it was call'd Camcltevamen, and Camifprivium 5 as the Spaniards itill denominate it Cames tolleudas.
CARNEL. The building of Ships firft with their Tim- ber and Beams, and after bringing on their Planks, is call'd Camel- work, to diftinguifh it from Clinch-work.
Thofe Veflels alfo which go with Mizen-fails inftead of Main-fails, ate by fome call'd Camels.
CARNIVOROUS, an Epithet apply'd to thofe Animals which naturally feek, and feed on Flefli. See Animal, and Food.
'Tis a Difpute among Naturalifts, whether or no Man be naturally Carnivorous ; fome contending that the Fruits of the Earth were intended as his fole Food, and that 'twas Ncceflity in fome Places, and Luxury in others, that firft prompted them to feed upon their Fellow-Animals. Py- thagoras and his Followers look'd on it as a great Impiety • and ftrictly abftain'd from all Flefli, from the Notion of a Metemffychofts : and their Succeffors, the Brachmans, con- tinue the fame to this Day. See Pjthagorians, and Brachmans.
The Confideration Gaffendns chiefly infills on, why Man Jhould not be Carnivorous, is the Struaure and Conforma- tion of our Teeth ; moft of 'em being either Incifores or Molitorcs ; not fuch as Carnivorous Animals are furnifli'd withal, proper to tear Flefli ; except the four Canini : As it Nature had rather prepar'd us for cutting Herbs, Roots, tfc. than for tearing Flefli. See Teeth. To which may be added, that when we do feed on Flefli, 'tis not without a preparatory Coflion, by boiling, mailing, &c. And even then, as Dr. Drake obferves, they are the hatd- eft of Digeftion of all other Foods, and are prohibited in Fevers, and many other Diflempers : And laftly, that Chil- dren are rather averfe to all Animal Foods, till their Pa- lates become vitiated by Cuftom ; and the breeding of Worms in them, is generally afcrib'd to the too hafty eat- ing of Flefli.
To thefe Arguments Dr. Wallis, in the Philofophical Tranfablions, fubjoins another; which is, that all Quadru- peds which feed on Herbs or Plants, have a long Colon, with a Cecum at the upper End of it, or fomewhaf 1 equivalent, which conveys the Food, by a long and large Progrefs, from the Stomach downwards, in order to a flower Paflage and
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