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The principal Things that come under the Consideration of Cbirurgery^ are 'Tumors, Ulcers, Wounds, iDiflocatiom, and FraBures. See Wound, Ulcer, Tumor, Disloca- tion, and Fracture.
Cbirurgery has the advantage of Medicine in the Soli- dity of its Foundation, the Certainty of its Operations, and the Senfiblenefs of its Eirefts $ iniomuch, that thole who deny Medicine to be of any fignificancy, yet allow the Ufefulncfs of Cbirurgery.
Cbirurgery is very antient ; and -even much more fo than Medicine, whereof it now makes a Branch. It was, in effect, the fole Medicine of the firlt Ages : they betak- ing themfelves to the Cure of external Diforders, e'er they came to examine or difcover what related to the Cure of internal ones.
Apis, King of Egypt, is faid to be the firfl: Inventor of Cbirurgery j after him, JEjculapius compos'd a Treatife of Wpunds and Ulcers. He was fucceeded by the Philofo- phcrs of the following Ages, in whofe Hands Cbirurgery wholly lay ; Pythagoras, Empedocles, c Parmenides, e De- ?mcritus, Chiron, Teon, Cleobrunttts, who cur'd K. An- tiochv.s\ Eye, l$c.
Cbirurgery was cultivated with much more Earneflnefs by Hippocrates, than by any of the preceding Phylicians : It is faid to have been perfected in Egypt, by ^Phyloxenus, who wrote feveral Volumes on that iubject. Among the Greeks^ Gorgias, Soflrates, Heron, the two Apollonius's, Aimnonius of Alexandria ; and at Rome, "Trypbo the Father, Evelpiflus, and Meges, made it flourifh, each in their Time. Arcaluto was the firft Cbirurgeon the Romans receiv'd into their Commonalty ; but him they foon after Iton'd to Death in the Campus Martins, on account of his Cruelty in cutting off Limbs.
The more modern Authors, who have contributed molt to the Perfection of Cbirurgery, are Tardus, Fab. ab A- qmpendentc, Harvey, Wharton, Gliffon, Tiu Laurents, ©z- emerbrocck, Vieuffens, Barbett, 1)ionis, Charriere t 8cc.
ScuttePus has publifti'd a Dcfcription of all the Inftru- ments us'd in Cbirurgery, under the Title of Armamen- terium Chirurgicum ; and our Countryman, Mr. Wifeman, Ser]eint-Cbirurgeon to King Charles II. a Folio Volume of Cbirurgical Treatifes, containing practical Obfervations, both in refpecl to the Internals and Externals, of a Num- ber of Cafes in each Branch of the Art, from his own Ex- perience ; under the Title of Several Cbirurgical treati- fes. This Work has been made ufe of ever ilnce, by the molt knowing of our Englijb Cbirurgeons ; and has been the Foundation of mofl Chirurgical Treatifes iince its Pub- lication, Anno 1676.
The French Cbirurgeons being refus'd to be admitted into the Universities, notwithstanding that their Art makes a Branch of Medicine, one of the four Faculties ; on pretence of its bordering a little on Butchery, or Cruelty 5 aflbciated themfelves into a Brotherhood, under the Protection of S. Cofmus and S. Damian : on which ac- count, according to the Laws of theic- Institution, they are oblig'd to drefs and look to Wounds gratis,- the fuft Mon- day of each Month.
They diitinguiih between a Cbirurgeon of the long Robe,
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Shank made with a hollow Socket at top, to receive A Atong wooden Sprig, fitted into it with a Shoulder. Thefe ChiJJeh are dillinguifh'd, according to the Breadth of the Blade, into half Inch Cbijjils, three quarters of an Inch Cbijfels, &c. 7. Ripping Cbijfcl, which is a Socket Cbif- fel an Inch broad ; having a blunt Edge, with no Bafil to it : Its ufe is to rip, or tear two pieces of Wood afunder, by forcing in the blunt Edge between 'em.
CHITTING, in Gardening. A Seed is faid to chit^ when it firlt (hoots its fmall Roots into the Earth. ' Sec Root.
CHIVALRY, orCHEVALRY, inlaw, a Tenure of Land by Knight-Service ; whereby the Tenant was antiently bound to perform a Service in War ; to the King, or the mefn Lord of whom he held by that Tenure. See Service.
By a Statute of 12 Car. II. all Tenures by Chivalry, in Capite, &c. are aholiih'd. See Tenure, Knight, and Knighthood.
CHIVES, or CHIEVES, a Term in Botany, which Mr. Ray renders in Latin Apices, i. c. the fmall Kuobs grow- ing on the Ends of the fine Threads, or Stamina of Flow- ers. See Apices.
But Dr. Grew calls the Stamina, or Threads themfelves, on which the Apices are fix'd, the Chives. See Stamina.
_ CHLAMYS, or CLAMYS, in Antiquity, a Military Ha- bit,^ worn by the Antients over the Tunica. See Tunica.
Cblamys was the fame, in Time of War, that the Tegtt was in Time of Peace : Each belong'd to the Patricians. See Toga.
There were four or five kinds of Cblamys ; that of Chil- dren, of Women, and that of Men ; which was divided in- to that of the People, and that of the Emperor.
CHLOROSIS, in Medicine, a Difeafc vulgarly call'd the Green-Sickuefs, IVbite-Jaundice, ckc.
Its ulual Subjects are Girls, Maids, and Widows ; cr even Wives, whofe Husbands arc deficient, ($c. It gives a pale, fallow, or livid Tincture to the Complexion, with a Circle of Violet under the Eves. The Patient is me- lancholy and uneafy ; has frequently a low wandring Fe- ver, with an unequal Pulfe, Vomiting, Heavinefs, LifHefT- nefs, Droufineis, Difficulty of Breathing, Longing for abfurd Foods, £S?C.
It comes on, commonly, antecedent to, or about the Time of the Eruption of the Menfes.
The Stoppage of the Menfes is not always the Caufe of this Diflemper ; for they fometimes flow regularly, tho but feldom, in the Progrefs thereof.
According to Etmuller, the Suppreffion of the Menfes is rather the Effect than the Caufe.
The Cure is chiefly to be attempted by Chalybeats and Bitters. In the colder Conftitutions, Decoctions of Guaiacum ate found of ufe.
The Word Chlorojis fignifies Grecnnefs, Verdure ; from XM»i Herba, Grafs.
CHOCOLATE, a Confection, or Pafle, prepar'd of cer- tain Drugs ; the Bafis, or Principal whereof, is the Cacao Nut. See Cacao.
The Name Cbocclate is alfo given to a drink, prepar'd from this Pafte, of a dutky Colour, Toft, and oily ; ufually drank
and a Barter Cbirurgeon: The firfl has liudy'd Phyfick; hot\"and\fteen,'d'noronl7an 'c , xc7l'ent' J Food,"'as being and is allow d to wear a Gown. -•"-• 1 ,r ',.-.. .
The Skill of the other, befide what relates to the Ma- nagement of the Beard, is fuppos'd to be confin'd to the mote fimple and eafy Operations in Cbirurgery 5 as Bleed- ing, Toothdrawing, g?c. They were formerly diftingui/h'd by Badges 5 thofe of the Gown bore a Cafe of Inflruments; the Barber a Bafon.
The Word Cbirurgery is form'd from the Greek %it, ma- vus, Hand ; and 'itfav, optis, Operation.
CHISSEL, an Inflrument much us'd in Sculpture, Ma- fonry, Joinery, Carpentry, £s?c.
There are Cbijfels of different Kinds ; tho their chief low of it.
very nourifhing, but alfo a good Medicine ; at lead a Diet, for keeping up the warmth of the Stomach, and aflilting DigeAion.
The Spaniards were the firfl who brought Cbocclate in- to ufe in Europe. 5 and that, perhaps, as much out of In- terefl, to have the better Market for their Cacao Nuts, Mchiott, Vanilla, and other Drugs which their Wejl- Indies furnifh, and which enter the Compofition of Cbocclate ; as out of regard to thole extraordinary Virtues, which their Authors fo amply enumerate. The Qualities above men- tion'd, are what the generality of Phylicians and others al-
difference lies in their different Size and Strength, as being all made of Steel well fharpcn'd and temper 'd : but they have different Names, according to the different ufes to which they ate apply 'd.
The Cbijfels us'd in Carpentry and Joinery, are, 1. The Former, which is us'd firfl of all before the Fmng-Chijfel, and juft after the Work is fcrib'd. 2. The <Paring-Cbif- fel, which has a fine fmooth Edge, and is us'd to pare off, or fmooth the Irregularities which the former makes. This is not flruck with a Mallet, as the former is, but prefs'd with the Shoulder of the Workman. 3. Skew-former, us'd for cleanfing acute Angles with the Point, or Corner of its narrow Edge. 4. The Mortice-Cbijfcl, which is natrow, but very thick and flrong, to endure hard Blows ; and 'tis cut to a very broad Bafil : its ufe is to cut deep fquare
i eS /j- n ^ e WoocJ > for Mortices. 5. The Gouge, which is a CbiJJel with a round Edge ; one fide whereof ferves to prepare the way for an Au'gte, and the other to cut fuch Wood as is to be rounded, hollow'd, i£c. 6. Socket-Chif- Jels, which are chiefly us'd by Carpenters, He. have their i
The Manner of making Chocolate.
The Method firlt us'd by the Spaniards was very fimple, and the fame with that us'd by the Indians : They only us'd Cacao-Nut, Maife, and raw Sugar, as exprefs'd from the Canes, with a little Achiott, or Recoil, to give it a Colour. Of thefe four Drugs, ground between two Stones, and mix'd together in a certain Proportion, thofe Barbarians made a kind of Bread, which ferv'd 'em equally for folid Food and for Drink : eating it dty when hungry, and flecping it in hot Water when a-thirtt.
This Drink the Mexicans call'd Chocolate, from Cbceao, Sound, and alte, or atte, Water ; q. d. Water that makes a noife : from the Noile the Inflrument us'd to agitate and prepare the Liquor, made in the Water.
But the Spaniards, and other Nations, have fince added a great Number of othet Ingredients to the Compofition of Chocolate 5 all of which, Vanilla alone excepted, fpoil, rather than mend it.
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Method
