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But the teamed Boerhaave furnifhes us a much more ac- curate, and fcientifical Divifion of Difeafes.
Diseases of the Solids, he confiders, cither as ot the fimple, and Simitar Pans ; Or of the Organical.
I. Similar Difeafes, are, i.Thofc of the laft, and Imalleft Fibres j which are reducible to too great Tenfion, vcALax- mfs, too great Strength, or Weaknefs, and a Solution of their Continuity. See Fibre, iSc.
z. Thofe of the Membranes, which being only Affem- blages of the Fibres juft mention'd, are fubject to the fame Disorders. See Membrane.
3. Thofe of the laft, and fmalleft Canals, which are for- med of fuch Membranes. ■ ■
4. Of the Membranes compofed of fuch Canals.
5. Of Canals compofed of fuch Membranes, which are all the creator Vcffels of the Body.
6. Of the folid 'Parts, which are compofed of Canals comprefs'd, and grown together, fo as to be void of Hu- mour to diflend 'em ; Or Canals growing into one confiftent Part, the Humour hardening together with the Veffel that contain'd it.
Laftly, Suppofing thefe Parts all found, Difeafes may betal them with refpeft to their Struaure, from a Vice, or vicious Application of the Matter of Nutrition. See Solid.
II. Organical Difeafes. An Organical Part confining of the feveral fimple Parts abovemention'd, and fitted to perform any Office by means of fome Humour contain'd in it; may be confider'd, either in itfelf, as a folid Part, or with refpect to the Humour it contains : In the firft View, Orgamoal Difeafes are reducible to four Claffes.
1. Diforders in the Figure, and the Circumftances there- of, as Roughnefs, Solidity, Cavity, ISc. To this belong the
- vj.yliJintrU, when one "Veffel opens into another ; the Aim-a-
fntll, when a Rupture is made ; and Aitufaif, when a Breach is occafion'd by Corrofion ; the e^ppa'^K, which is a total Obftruction of the Cavity, by a vifcous, grumous Mat- ter : the yivt>x a f fitt t or Narrownefs of the Paffage ; the &h\-ln, or Comprcffion of the Sides of the Cavity; evfufotut, when the Sides are quite ciofed up ; and ttvvi{wU, when the Veffel is fo emptied, that the Sides falling together, the Cavity is loft.
z. In the Number, where 'tis either deficient or redundant: But the Parts feldom err in this refpefl, fo as to occafion a Difeafe.
3. In Magnitude ; to which belong NtdeS, Exoftofes, and Callus's.
4. In the Situation, and Connexion ; as when the Liga- ments arc too long, or too fliort, when broke, or deprav'd ; alio Diftortims, Luxations, Subluxations, HernitS, or Rup- tures in the Groin, Scrotum, Bladder ; 'Procidentia of the Womb, Bladder, and Reflum ; Difordets of the Tendons, and Mufclcs, particularly their flying out of their Places ; the Relaxation, or Rupture of the Membranous Ligament that fhould retain 'cm.
Laftly, there is a Difeafe common both to Similar, and Organical Parts, call'd Solution of Continuity.
Diseases of the Fluids, confidering thofe Fluids Amply, and in themfelves, may be reduced to Diforders in refpect of Quantity, and Quality: But confidering them as contain'd in Solids,' they may err, too, in Place and Proportion.
As to the firft, fuch an Abundance of the Humours, as difturbs the Animal Functions, is call'd a 'Plethora : Dif- eafes from the Defect of Humours, we fcarce know of any. As to the fecond, fuch Quality of the Humours, as dif- turbs the Animal Fractions, is call'd Cacochymia. Now, this is either in the Fluids confider'd in themfelves, their own Parts, and Competition ; Or confider'd as they concur towards conftituting fome Part of the Body.
If the Morbid Quality be confider'd in the Particles of the Humour, it mull either confift in an Augmentation of Bulk, whence the Emphraxis, Atrophy, Symfhyfis, and Sy- iiezefis; or in the Diminution thereof, as in the Diapnoe, and Ceneangeia : Or an Increafe of Solidity, whence too great an Attenuation ; or a Decay thereof, whence a Len- tor, Stagnation, and Cohefion : Or in the Figure, as when of Spherical it becomes Angular, and confequently, with re- fpecT to the Part 'tis applied to, fharp ; whence Acrimonies, both acid, alcaline, muriatic, ammoniac, faponaceous, vi- triolic, (5c. and Oleofuies : Or in Rigidity, and Flexibi- lity : Or in Elafticity : Or in Cohefion, and Divifibility.
Again, all the Juices confider'd together, the principal Dif- orders they are fubject to, are too great Fluidity, or Tena- city : too much Velocity in their Veflels, or too little.
Laftlv confidering the Fluids as contain'd in the Solids, there arife divers Difeafes merely from their changing of Place ; which may be reduced to two Claffes, viz. the groffer Hu- mours intruding themfelves into the finer Canals ; and the Humours extravafating, or getting out among the folid Parts ; whence Inflammations, Aneurifma's, Varices, Enchymofes, Oedema's, Puftules, Dropfy, fpungeous Membranes of the Head, Brcaft, Abdomen, and Uterus; and Emphyfema's.
Add, that the Humours collected, and ftagnating among the Parts, grow putrid, purulent, ichorous, erofive, and fharp ; and thus deftroy the tender Stamina, or Solids ; whence Sinus's, Fiftula's, Ulcers, Gangrenes, Sphacelus's, Cancers, and rhe like.
Theft are the prime Differences of the Difeafes of the Body ; and from thefe arife mod of the left : So that they may be regarded, not only as Difeafes, but as the Caufes of Difeafes. See each further explain'd wider its refpeclive Article in this Work.
There is another Divifion of DifeafeS, in Ufe among Phyficians, taken from certain external Accidents, which are common to a great many different Difeafes : which DiftinCt ion, too, has its Ufe ; tho' they generally run it too far. Difeafes, then, are diftinguilh'd, 1. With refpect to their Caufe, into Idiopathy, Sympathy, Protopathy, Deu- teropathy, Hereditary, Connate, and Acquired, z. W*th refpect to their Subject, into Difeafes of old Age, Children, Adults, Men, Women, Maids, Pregnant, Parturient, En- demical, Epidemical, &c. 3. With refpeft to Duration, into moft acute, which terminate in four Days ; Acute, in twen- ty ; and Chronical, which are all thofe of longer Continuance. 4. With refpeef to Seafons, into Vernal, Autumnal, Conti- nued, and Intermitting. 5. With refpeft to their Effetts, into Benign, Malignant, Curable, Incurable, Mortal, and Contagious. And 6. With refpeft to their State, into Be- ginning, Progrefs, State, Declenfion, and End. '
Diseases of Plants. Monfr. Tonrnefort, in an exprefs Differtation on this Subjefl, in the Memoires de I' Academic des Sciences, refers all the Difeafes of Plants to the follow- ing Caufes :
I. The too great Abundance of the Nutritious juice, z. The Deleft, or Want of this Juice. 3. Some ill Qualities it acquires. 4. Its unequal Difttibution in different Parts of the Plant. And 5. External Accidents.
The Difeafes principally obferved by our Gardeners, are, 1. Bcrrennefs,. when the Tree, tho' outwardly frelh and healthy, bears no Bloifoms ; or if it does, they fall ; or if they fet, the Fruit drops e're it come to Maturity. See Barren- ness.
- . Blafting of the Buds, occafion'd by a Froft happening
when the Leaves and Bloifoms are wet. By this means the Pores are fhut, and the vital Juices fuffocated ; when, if the Sun break out on a fudden, they turn yellow, with round fiery Specks growing on them ; whence frequently procede Tumours like Warts, which rotting, grow full of Maggots. Mr. Mortimer adds, that the Want of Rain at Bloffoming Time, often occafions the Dropping off of the Bbffoms for Want of Sap ; he, therefore, recommends the watering 'em.
5. Confutation, proceeding from a Want of Suftenance, through the Failure of the nouriftiing Juices ; or from Ob- ftruclior.s of the Veins, and Roots; or ill Digeftion, and Se- cretion of Humours, (Sc.
4. The Moj's ; an Account of which, fee under the Article Moss. See alfo Parasite.
5. The Jaundice, which, tho' it does not hinder the Tree from appearing found, yet when it begins to fprout, the Leaves become of a whitifh green, and as they grow bigger, turn yellow. It frequently arifes from external Caufes, as the Mildew ; but chiefly from a ftony, or chalky Soil, im- pregnated with an acid Salt.
6. Mildew, a Kind of Epidemical Difeafe, moft frequent and fatal in the Spring Seafon. It is properly a corrofive, and nipping Dew, proceeding from pent up Vapours now ex- haled, and returned back on the tender opening Buds, which infeas 'em by its Acrimony, and obftruas the Circulation of the nutritive Juices. By which means the Leaves begin to fade, and wither, and both the Bloffoms and Fruit are much prejudiced. See Mildew.
7. A thick Fog, or too abundant Dew, Agricola allures us, occafions the fame Difeafe as the Mildew, only in a lefs Degree.
8. Falling of the Leaves, which happens when the Trees fprouting too foon, are cither furprized by excefftvc Heat, or Cold.
9. Uredo, or Scorching, of which there are two Kinds ; the firft happening upon the Fall of a fubtil Dew, or fmall Rain, immediately followed by the piercing Beams of the Sun, which fuddenly clofes the Pores before dilated, and burns up the Leaves : The fecond happening from the like Fervour in the internal Parts of the Tree, viz. in the Pith ; occafion'd by fome inner Failing. Agricola imputes it to the Fault of the Gardeners, who in tranfplanting Trees, frequent- ly cut off the leffer Filaments, and Roots, as alfo the greater Roots, without covering the Wounds with Wax, or the like.
10. Scurf, or Leprofy, a Difeafe chiefly of the Bark, cau- fed by a too great Dilatation of the Pores, whereby too much perfpirable Matter tranfuding it, hangs and hardens on the Bark, which by this means chaps, and cracks, and thus
a Sort
