and fallen. Donatus seems likewise to have given into the Doctrine of the Arians, with whom he was closely allied; And accordingly, St. Epiphanius, Theodoret, and some others, accuse the Donatists of Arianism. But St. Augustin Ep. 185. to Count Boniface, affirms, that the Donatists, in this point, kept clear of the Errors of their Leader.
In 344, under the Empire of Theodosius the Great, there arose a Schism among the Donatists themselves, by which they were broke into two Parties. For Parmenian, their Bishop, being dead, some elected Primian, and were call'd Primianists; and others, Maximian, call'd Maximianists. The Donatists had likewise other Appellations, as Circum- celliones, Montenses, or Mountaineers, Campites, Rupi- tes, &c.
They held three Councils, or Conciliabules; that of Cirta in Numidia, and two at Carthage. Constantine decrced Exile, and even Death, against the Donatists. Constans, and Ho- norius, made Laws for their Banishment: And Theodosius, and Honorius, condemn'd 'em to grievous Mulcts.
DONATIVE, Donativum a Present made any Person, call'd also GRATUITY.
The Romans made large Donatives to their Soldiers. Julia Pia, Wife of the Emperor Severus, is call'd on certain Medals, MATER CASTRORVM, by reason of the Care she took of the Soldiery, by Interposing for the Augmenta- tion of their Donatives, &c.
The Donative was properly the Gift made the Forces in the Army; as the Congiarius was that made the People.
Salmasius in his Notes on Lampridius, in the Life of He- liogabalus, mentioning a Donative that Emperor gave of three Pieces of Gold per Head, observes, that this was the common, and legitimate Rate of a Donative. Casaubon in his Notes on the Life of Pertinax, by Capitolinus, observes, that Pertinax made a Promise of three thousand Denarii. to cach Soldier; which amounted to upwards of 97 Pounds Sterling. See COIN.
The same Author writes, that the legal Donative was 20000 Denarii; and that it was not customary to give less, especially to the Pretorian Soldiers; that the Centurions had double, and the Tribunes, &c. more in Proportion.
DONATIVE, in the Cannon Law, a Benefice given, and collated to a Person, by the Founder, or Patron; without either Presentation, Institution, or Induction by the Ordinary. See BENEFICE.
If Chappels founded by Laymen, be not approv'd by the Diocesan, and, as 'tis call'd, spiritualized, they are not ac- counted proper Benefices, neither can they be conferr'd by the Bishop, but remain to the pious Disposition of the Founders: So that the Founders, and their Heirs, may give such Chap- pels without the Bishop. Gregorius de Beneficiis. See CHAPPEL.
Gwin observes, that the King might of ancient Time found a free Chappel, and exempt it from the Jurisdiction of the Diocesan. So may he by Letters Patents give Liberty to a common Person to found such a Chappel, and make it Do- native Not-presentable. And the Chaplain, or Beneficiary, shall be deprivable by the Founder, or his Heir, and not by the Bishop. And this seems to be the Original of Donatives in England.
All Bishopricks in ancient Time were Donative by the King.
Again, where a Bishop has the Gift of a Benefice, it is properly call'd a Donative, because he cannot present to him- self. See BENEFICE, PATRON, PRESENTATION, COLLATION, &c.
DONJON. See DUNGEON.
DONJON, in Fortification, is generally taken for a large Tower, or Redoubt of a Fortress, where the Garrison may retreat in Case of Necessity, and capitulate with greater Advantage.
DONOR, in Law, he who gives Lands, or Tenements to another in Tail: And Donee, is he to whom the same are given. See DONATION, &c.
DOOR, in Architecture, an Aperture in a Wall, to give Entrance, and Exit in, and out of the Building, or an Apartment thereof. See HOUSE, Building, APERTURE, &c.
It ought to be a Rule, that the Doors of a House be a few in Number, and as moderate in Dimensions, as possible For, in a Word, all Openings are Weakenings. 2. That they do not approach too near the Angles of the Walls; It being a most glaring Sollecism to weaken that Part, which must weaken all the rest: A Precept, well recorded, but ill practised by the Italians themselves, particularly at Venice 3. That the Doors, if possible, be right over one another that void may be over void, and full over full. 4. That, if possible, they be opposite to each other, so as that one may see from one End of the House to another; which will no only be graceful, but also convenient; as it affords a Means of cooling the House in Summer, by letting in Air; and of keeping out the Wind in Winter, which Way soever it sit 5. 'Tis not only Ornamental, but secure, to turn Arches over Doors; as it discharges 'em in great Measure of the superin- cumbent Weight. The Proportions of Doors are adjusted by those of a Man: In larger Buildings they must always be larger than in smaller; but in none should they be less than 6 Foot high, to admit a Man of just Stature, erect; And as the Breadth of a Man, with his Arms placed a-kimbo, is nearly sub- duple his Height, the Width should never be less than 3 Foot. Some Architects give us these Dimensions: In small Buildings the Breadth of the Door 4 Foot, or 4 and a half; in middling Buildings, 5 or 6; in large Ones, 7 or 8: In Chambers of the first, 3 and a half, 3¾, or 4, of the second, 4, or 4 and a half; and of the third, 5, or 6; in Churches, 7 or 8; in Gates, 9, 10, or 12: hence their Height is easy determin'd; except for the Gates of Cities, which should only be 45 of their Breadth.
'Tis an Observation of the excellent Palladio, that the principal Door, or Entrance of a House, must never be regulated by any certain Dimensions, but by the Dignity of the Person that is to live in it: yet, to exceed rather in the more, than the less, is a Mark of Generosity; and may be excused with some noble Emblem, or Inscription, as that of the Conte di Bevilacqua over his large Gate at Verona, where had been committed a like Disproportion, Patet Januae, Cor magis.
DORIC, in Grammar. The Doric Dialett is one of the five Dialects, or Manners of speaking which obtain'd among the Greeks. See DIALECT.
It was first us'd by the Lacedemonians, and particularly those of Argos; thence it pass'd into Epirus, Lybia, St- city, the Islands of Rhodes, and Crete.
In this Dialect, Archimedes and Theocritus wrote, who were both of Syracuse; and likewise Pindar. Port Royal. In Strictness, however, we should rather define Doric the Manner of sfpeaking peculiar to the Dorians, after their Re- cess near Parnassus, and Asopus; and which afterwards came to obtain among the Lacedemonians, &c.
Some even distinguish between the Lacedemonian, and Doric; but in Reality they were the same; setting aside a few Particularities in the Language of the Lacedemonians; as is shewn by Rulandus in his excellent Treatise, de Lingua Græca, ejusque Dialectis, L. V. Beside the Authors already mention'd to have wrote in the Doric Dialect, we might add Architas of Tarentum, Bion, Callinus, Simonides, Bacchylides, Cypselas, Alcman, and Sophron.
Most of the Medals of the Greater Greece and Sicily savour of the same Dialect in their Inscriptions; Witness,
(
Greek characters) &c. Which
shews the Countries wherein the Doric Dialect was used.
The general Rules of this Dialect are thus given by the
Port Royalists.
(Greek characters), (Greek characters) grand, (Greek characters) (Greek characters) & (Greek characters) la fair le Dore.
(Greek characters) fait (Greek characters),(Greek characters), (Greek characters) & (Greek characters) fait Encore.
Oft (Greek characters) de l Infini: & pour le Singulier
Se sert au Feminin du Nombre Plurier.
But they are much better explain'd in the IVth Book of Rulandus; where he even notes the minuter Differences of the Dialects of Sicily, Crete, Tarentum, Rhodes, Lacedemon, Laconia, Macedonia, and Thessaly.
DORIC, in Architecture, is the second of the five Orders; being that between the Tuscan and Ionic. See ORDER.
The Doric Order seems the most natural, and best proportioned of all the Orders; all its Parts being founded on the natural Position of solid Bodies. Accordingly, the Doric is the first, and most ancient of the Orders of Architecture. and is what gave the first Idea of regular Building. See ARCHITECTURE.
At its first Invention it was more simple than at present and when in After-times they came to adorn, and enrich it more, the Appellation Doric was restrain'd to this richer Manner, and the primitive simple Manner they call'd by a new Name the Tuscan Order. See TUSCAN.
The Tradition is, that Dorus, King of Achaia, having first built a Temple of this Order at Argos, which he dedicated to Juno, occasion'd it to be call'd Doric: Tho' others derive its Name, I know not how, from its being invented, or us'd by the Dorians.
Some time after its Invention they reduced it to the Proportions, Strength, and Beauty of the Body of a Man. Hence, as the Foot of a Man was judg'd the 6th Part of his Height, if they made the Doric Column, including the Capital, 6 Diameters high, i.e. six times as high as thick. Afterwards they added another Diameter to the Height, and made it 7 Diameters; with which Augmentation it might be said to be of nearer the Proportion of a Man: The human Foot, at least in our Days, not being a 6th, but nearly a 7th Part of the Body. See COLUMN.
The
