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ere they come to fight; as in England Criminals Ha- rangue on the Scaffold before they die. St. Evrem.
HARBINGER, an Officer of the King's Houfhold, having four Yeomen under him, who ride a Day's Jour- ney before the Court when they travel, to provide Lodg- ings, &c.
HARBOUR, a Sea-Tort ; or a Station where Ships may ride fafe at Anchor, See Port.
The Word is chiefly applied to thofe clofed, or fecured with a Bomb, or Chain ; and that are furnifhecl with a Mole, &c. See Mole, &c.
To Harbour, is to lodge, receive, or entertain; to find a retiring Place. — Among Hunters, an Hart is faid to Harbour when he goes to Reft ; whence to tmharbour a Deer, is to diflodge him. See Hunting.
HARDENING, the Aft of communicating a greater Degree of Hardnefs to a Body, than it already has. See Hardness.
The Hardening and Tempering of Iron and Steel, makes a considerable Article in the mechanical Arts. See Iron, Steel, Tempering, &c.
There are divers Ways of effecting it ; as by the Ham- mer; quenching it, when hot, in cold Water; Cafe har- dening, &c
To barde?z and temper Englip, Flemijbj and Swedifl Steel, they give it a pretty high Heat, then fuddenly quench it in Water, to make it very hard : Spanifo and Venice Steel only need a blood red Heat, and then quench'd. See Heat.
The Workmen fometimes grind Indigo, and Sallad Oyl together, and rub the Mixture upon it with a Woollen Rag while it is heating, and let it cool of it felf.
If the Steel be too hard or brittle for an Edge, fpring, or pointed Inflrument, it may be let down, or made fofter, thus : Take a Piece of Grind-ftone, or Whet-ftone, and rub hard on the Work, to take the black Scurf off it, and brighten it; then let it heat in the Fire, and, as it grows hotter, the Colour will change by degrees, coming firft to a light GoldHJi Colour, then to a darker Goldim Colour, and at laft to a blue Colour: Chufe which of thefe Colours the Work requires, and quench it fuddenly an the Water.
Hammer Hardening, is moflly ufed on Iron and Steel Plates, for Saws, Springs, Rules, &c. See Spring,^.
Cafe Hardening is thus performed: < — ■ Take Cow- horn, or hoof, dry it well in an Oven, and beat it to Powder; put as much Bay-Salt as Powder into flale Urine; or White-wine Vinegar, and mix them well toge- ther, cover the Iron, or Steel, all over with this Mixture, and wrap it up in Loam, or Plate Iron, fo as the Mixture touch every Part of the Work ; then put it in the Fire, and blow the Coals to it, till the whole Lump have a blood-red Heat, but no higher; Iaflly, take it out and quench it.
HARDNESS, Duritics, in Philofophy, that Quality in Bodies, whereby their Parts cohere firmly together, fo as to refill the Touch. See Cohesion.
In this Senfe Hardnefs coincides with what on other Occafions we call Firmnefs, and fometimes Solidity, in Oppofition to Fluidity. See Firmness, Solidity, and Fluidity.
More ffricHy fpeaking, a Body is faid to be hard, when its Parts mutually cohere, fo as not to yield inwards, or give Way to an external Impulfe; and therefore not fub- jeft to any Motion in Reipect of each other, without breaking the Body. — In which Scnfe, Hardnefs ftands oppofed to Softnefs, where the Parts do readily give Way.
The Peripateticks make Hardnefs a fecondary Quality ; as fuppofing it to arife from 2)rynefs, which is a primary one, and to be in Proportion thereto. See Quality.
Its remote Caufes, according to them, are either Heat or Cold, according to the Diverfity of the Subject : Heat producing Drynefs, and by that Means Hardnefs in Clay ; and Cold, doing the like in Wax.
The Epicurean and Corpufcular Philofophers, account for Hardnefs, from the Figure of the component Parts, and their Union together. — . Accordingly, fome afcribe it to the Atoms, or Particles of the Body, being hooked, and thus mutually catching and hanging upon one ano- ther: But this is directly bringing that for an Anfwer, which was the Quefrion. For how do thofe hooked Parts hang on ? See Particle.
Apain : The Cartefians will have the Cohefion of hard Bodies, effected by Reft ; that is, by nothing at all. See
Sir If. Ne-zvton- /hews, that the primary Particles of all Bodies, whether folid or fluid, are hard, perfectly hard-j and not capable of being broke or divided by any Power in Nature. — See Matter, Body, Element, ci?r.
Theie Particles he maintains to be connected together
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by an attractive Power ; and according to the Circurn- ftances of this Attraaion, is the Body either UrL or Toft, or even fluid. See Attraction.
If the Panicles be fo difpofed or fitted for each other as to touch in large Surfaces, f uc h Body will be hxrdi and the more fo, as thofe Surfaces are the larger* If on the contrary, they only touch in fmall Surfaces, the' Body, by the Weaknefs of the Attraaion, will remain' fofti See Particle.
HARDS, or Hurds, of Flax, or Hemp, -ore the coatfef Parts, fcparated in the dreffing of it, from the Tear or fine StuffT See Hemp.
HARE-iS.wrag. See Hitre-Hvntitio.
HARIOT, or Heriot, a Due, or Service, belonging to the Lotd at the Death of his Tenant ; confiding of the belt Bead the Tenant had at the Time of his Death. See Service.
Coke on Littleton obferves, that Heriot in Saxon is called Jjepegac, q. d. the Lord's Beaft : bejie, fignifying Lord, and gear, Beaft 5 from which others diffenr urging that bene, in Saxon, fignifies an Army, and geo-j fufiis : And that the Saxon bepegac, whence we derive our Hariot, fignified frovifion for War, or a Tribute, or Relief, given to the Lord of a Mannor, for his better Preparation towards War. — - Erat enim Heriotum mili- taris flupelleSilis frzflatio, quam obeunte vajfalla iDominus report avit in fui if Jim munitionem, fays
By the Laws of Canntus, Tit. de HeriotiSj it appears* that at the Death of the great Men of this Nation, fo many Horfes and Arms were to be paid, as they were in their refpeflive Life obliged to keep for the King's Servicei See Relief.
But Heriot is now wholly taken for a Beaft, which the 1 Lord by Cuftom, chufes out of all the Store of his deccafed Tenant, be it Horfe, Ox, &c. and in fome Mannors, the belt Piece of Plate, Jewel, or the belt Moveable.
Heriot is of two Sorts : 1°. Heriot Cuflom, where Heriots have been paid Time out of Mind by Cuftoirii after the Death of a Tenant for Life. 2°. Heriot Servicei when a Tenant holds by fuch Service to pay Heriot at the Time of his Death 5 which Service is expreffed in the Deed of Feoffment. See Service.
For this the Lord fhall diltrain ; and for the other he fhall feize and not diltrain. ■ — ■ If the Lord purchafe Part of the Tenancy, Heriot Service is extinguiftied ; but not fo of Heriot Cuflom. See Farley and Sole Tenant.
HARLEQUIN, a -Buffoon. — In the Italian Comedy, the Harlequin is the fame with a Merry Andrew, or Jack Pudding in our Drolls, on Mountebanks Stages, &c. — ■ We have alfo introduced the Harlequin upon our Theatres 5 and this is one of the {landing Charaacrs in our Grotefque Entertainments.
The Term took its Rife from a famous Italian Come- dian, or rather Buffoon, who came to 'Paris under Henry III; and who frequenting the Houfe of M. de Harlay ; his Com- panions ufed to call him Harlequino, q. d. little Harlay; a Name which has defcended to all thofe of the fame Rank, and Profeffion.
HARLOT, a Woman given to Jncontinency ; or that makes a Habit or a Trade of proftituting her Body.
The Word is fuppofed to be ufed for Whorelet, at a little Whore. — Others derive it from Arietta, Mils to Robert Duke of Normandy, and Mother to William the Conquerour : Cambden derives it from one Afloifoat Concubine to William the Conquerour. — ■ Others from the Italian Arlotta, a proud Whore.
HARMONIA, in Mufic, &c. See Harmony.
Harmonia, in Anatomy, a Soft of Jointure, or Articu- lation of the Bones. See Articulation.
Harmonia is a Species of the Symfhyjis, or Junaure, intended for abfolute Reft. See Symphysis.
Two Bones are faid to be joyn'd per Harmoniam, by Harmonia, when the Jointure is in one uniform, right; or circular Line ; or when the Bones meet with even Margins : In Contradiftinaion from Sutura, where they are indented. See Sutura.
The Bones of the upper Jaw are joyn'd per Harmo- niam. See Maxilla Superior.
HARMONICA, Harmon ices, a Branch, or Divifiori of the antient Mufic. See Music.
The Harmonica is that Part which confiders the Diffe- rences, and Proportion of Sounds, with Refpea to acute and grave : In Contradiftinction from Rytbmica and Me- trica. See Rythmica and Metrica.
The only Part of their Mufic the Antients have left us any tolerable Account of, is the Harmonica 5 which it felf is but very general and theoretical.
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