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as may fecure the Obfervation of the Law, and dctc. Men from the Breach of it. — Among Men it is not reckon'd Injuftice to punifh: Murther and many other Crimes which perhaps are committed in a Moment, with perpetual Lofs of Eftate, or Liberty, or Life. So that the Objection of temporary Crimes being punimed with fuch long Sufferings, is of no Force.
In Effecl, what Proportion Crimes and Penalties are to bear to each other, is not To properly a Confederation of Juftice, as of WiTdom and prudence in the'Law-giver, who may enforce his Laws with what Penalties he pleafes, with- out any Impeachment of his Juftice,' which is out of the Queftion.
The primary End ef all Threatning is not Punifhment, but the Prevention of it : God does not threaten that Men may fin and be punifhed ; but that they may not fin, and fo efcape : And therefore the higher the Threatning runs, the more Goodnefs there is in it.
After all, it is to be confider'd, fays the good Archbifhop, that he who threatens, has ftill the Power or Execution in his own Hands. — There is this Difference between Promifes and Threatnings $ that he who promifes, paffes over a Right to another, and thereby Hands obliged to him in Juftice, and Faithfulnefs to make good his Word ; but it is otherwife in Threatnings 5 he that threatens, keeps the right of punifhing ftill with him, and is not obliged to execute what he threatened, any further than the Reafons and Ends of Government require. ■ — Thus, God abfolutely threaten'd the Deftru&ion of Nineveh $ and his peevifh Prophet underftood the Threatning to be abfolute, and was angry for being employ'd in a Meffage that was not made good : But God underftood his own Right, and did what he pleafed, notwithftanding the Threatning he denounced, and notwithftanding Jonah was fo touched in Point of Honour, that he had rather have perifhed, than Nineveh mould have efcaped.
Hell, Hades, is fometimes alfo ufed, in the Scripture- Style, for Death, or Burial ; by Reafon the Hebrew and Greek Names, fignifie fometimes the Place of the damn'd, and fometimes limply the Grave. See Tomb, Sepul- chre, (Sc.
Divines are divided about the Senfe of that Article in the Apoftle's Creed, where our Saviour is faid to have been crucified, dead and buried, and that he defcended into Hell, a.<hi. ■ — ■ Some underftand this Defcent into Hell as no other than a Defcent into the Tomb, or Sepulchre ; which others object againft, in that his Butial is expeefly mention'd before $ and maintain, that our Saviour's Soul actually defcended into the fubterraneous,* or Local Hell 5 where he triumph'd over the Devils, £?<;.
The Ronzanijls add, that he there comforted the 6ouls in Purgatory 5 and brought away the Spirits of the Pa- triarchs, and other juft Perfons, departed till that Time, carrying them with them into Paradice. See Purgatory, Patriarch, &c.
In the Roniifi Church, that part of Hell, wherein thofe were retained who died in the Mercy and Favour of God before our Saviour's Suffering , is call'd Limbus. See Limqus.
HELLEBORE, Hellebores, Helleborum, Elle- ■bore, a medicinal Plant, reputed, among the Antients, a fpecific for the Cure of Folly, Melancholy, and Madnefs.
There are two Sorts of Hellebore, the Black and White.
The Slack Hellebore, Helleborus Niger, call'd alfo Melampodimn, has a dark-coloured Root, furnifhed with Abundance of little Fibres ; its Stem green, its Leaves dented, and its Flower of a Carnation Hue, not unlike the Rofe.
The White Hellebore, Helleborus Albus, call'd alfo Veratrum, to diftinguifli it from the former, has a whi- tifh Root, befet with Fibres of the fame Colour, Ihooting out at a Sort of Bulb, not unlike the Head of an Onion. Its Leaves are broad 5 at firft green, afterwards of a yellowifh red. From the middle of the Leaves rifes a Stem, two or three Faot high, which feparates about the middle into Branches, each whereof bears a confiderable Number of little Flowers like Stars, difpofed in Manner of a Spica, or Ear.
'Tis only the Roots are ufed, in each Kind ; which are to be chof'en large and fair, furnifh'd with big Filaments : Thofe of the White, tan coloured without, and white within j and thofe of the Black, blackifli without, and brownifh within ; dry, clean, and of a fliarp dif'agrce- able Tail.
The Antients, as already obferved, had a great Opinion of their Efficacy in Difeafes of the Mind ; whence various Phrafcs and Forms of fpeaking among Writers : As Caput Helleboro Digmmt. — He needs a double Dofe of Hellebore. — The Hland of Anticyra, fituate againft Mount Oeta, was famous for the Growth and Ufe of this Plant, it being here in its greateft Perfection, and ufed with the beft Effefl. — Whence the Proverb, Naviger Antjcyras, fend him a Voyage to Anticyra.
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They aft as Purgatives, but fo very violently, both upwards and downwards, as frequently to caufe Convul- fions ; whence the Ufe of them internally is now out of Doors, unlefs joyn'd with other Purgatives, and even Al- terants to correct them 5 but are ftill retain'd with Succcfs, for the Farcy in Horfes, and the Scab in Shec^.
The chief Ufe wherein the prefent Praaice acknowledges white Hellebore, is in Form of a fternutatory Powder to clear and open the Head. See Sternutatory.
The black Hellebore ufed among us, Dr. ghiincy fug- gefts to be much inferior in Virtue to that of the An- tients ; for that it will not operate much by Stool but is only a powerful Alterative, getting far into the Habit, and fo promoting Sweat. See Purgative.
He adds, that he has known it do Wonders in the Gout and Rheumatifm, and that it rarely fails in Obftruclions of the Menfes.
HELLENISM, a Sort of Greecifm 5 or a Phrafe ac- commodated to the Genius and Conftruction of the Greek Tongue. See Greek.
The Word Hellenifm, is diftingui/h'd from a Greecifm, m that the former is not applied to Authors who have wrote in Greek : Their Language, it is evident, fhould be a continual Hellenifm: &ut it is applied to Authors, who writing in fome other Language, ufe Turns and Expremons peculiar to the Greek.
There are Abundance of Hellenifms in the "Vulgate Ver- sion of the Scriptures. See Vulgate.
HELLENISTIC, or Hellenistic Language, that ufed among the Hellenics. See Hellenists.
The Criticks are divided as to this Language. — Se- veral of them, and among the reft 2)rujins and Scaliger, take it to be the Language ufed among the Grecian, Jews, They add, that 'tis in this Language the Greek Translation of the Seventy was wrote ; and even the Books of the New Teftament compofed. . — M. Simon calls it the Language of the Synagogue.
It mull not be imagined, that this was any peculiar Language diilinct from all others 5 or even any peculiar Dialed of the Greek : 'Twas thus denominated, to mew that it was Greek, mix'd with Hebraicifms, and Sy- riacifms.
Salmafius has oppofed the common Opinion of the Learned touching the Helleniflic Language ; and has wrote two Volumes on the SubjecV But his Deputation turns chiefly on Words.
HELLENISTS, Hellenists, a Term occurring in the Greek ' Text of trie New Teftament, and which .in the Englifj Verfion is render'd Grecians.
The Criticks are divided as to the {Signification of thg Word. ■— Oecimenius in his Scholia on, Jt£Is VI. 1! ob- serves, that it. Is, not to be underftood as fignifying tho{e of the Religion of the Greeks, but thofe wr^o fpoke Greek, tb; Iaasp/s? tpo5ivy>pnvx<;. The Authors of the Vulgate Ver- fion, indeed, render it, like ours, Gr<eci-j but the Mefiieurs du 'Port Royal, more accurately, Juifs Grecs, Greek or Grecian Jews 5 it being the Jews who fpoke Greek that are here fpoke of, and who are hereby diftinguifhed from the Jews call'd Hebrews 5 fthat is, who fpoke the Hebrew Tongue of that Time. See Hebrew.
The Hellenics, or Grecian Jews, were thofe who '.lived in Egyft, and other Parts, where the Greek Tongue pre- vail'd. 'Tis to them we owe the Greek Verfion' of the Old Teftament, commonly call'd the Sefttiagint^Qx Seventy. See Sei'tuagint. J'j , ..
Sahnafius, and Vojjius, are of a different; Sentiment with Regard to the Hellenifts. The latter will only have them to be thofe who followed the Greek Party. Sca- liger is repre.fented in the Scatigerana, as averting the Hellenifts to be the Jews who lived in Greece, .znA. who read the Greek Bible in their Synagogue.
HELM, in Navigation, a Horizontal Piece of Timber ftrving to move another fitted into it at right Angles, call'd the Rudder. See Rudder^;, .-. °,
The Helm, or filler of a Ship, is a Beam, or Piece of Timber, faften'd into the Rudder, and.fo coming forward into the Steerage 5 where he that {lands at Helm --fleers the Ship. See Steerage, Sailing, &c.
To A Lee the Helm, flgnifies to put the Helm to the Lee-Side of the Ship. — To Sear up the Helm, is to let the Ship go before the Wind. — ■ To 'Port the Helm, is to put the Helm over to the right Side of the Ship. — ■ To Right the Helm, or Helm the Midftifi, is to keep it even with the Middle of the Ship. — To Starboard^ the Helm, is to put it to the right Side of the Ship.
Helm, in Chymiftry, is the Head of a Still or Alem- bic ; thus call'd, becaufe in Figure, it fomething refembles a Helm, or Helmet. See Alembic.
Hence, to bring a Thing over the Helm, is tho fame as to force it by Fire up to the Top of the VefTel, that
it
