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Prayer. All who have written on Liturgies agree, that in the Primitive Days, Divine Service was exceedingly fimpie, only clogged with a very few Ceremonies, and confitting of but a fmall Number of Prayers ; but by degrees they increafed the Number of external Ceremonies, and ad- ded new Prayers, to make the Ofiice look more aweful and venerable to the People. At length things were car- ried to fuch apitch, that a Regulation became neceffary ; and it was found proper to put the Service, and the Man- ner of performing it, into Writing, and this was what they call'd a Liturgy. The Liturgies have been different at dif- ferent Times, and in different Countries. We have the L'turgy of St. Chryfoj torn, that of St. Peter, of St. James, the Liturgy of St. Bafil, the Armenia?! Liturgy , the Litur- gy of the Maronites, of the Cophtce, the Roman Liturgy, the Gailican L'nurgy, the Englifh Liturgy, the Am brqjian Litur- gy, the Spanife and African Liturgies. The word comes from the Greek Awjupjia, Service, Public Miniftery.
L1TUS is the fame as Linimentum, which fee.
LITUUS, among Medalitts, is a Staff ufed by the Augurs, made in form of aCrozier. We frequently fee it in Medals, along with other Pontifical Inftruments. Aulas Gellius fays, it was bigger in the place where it was crooked than elfe where. Some derive the Word from the Greek*?}©, fomething thar makes a fhrill acute Sound, which was a Property of this Inftrument.
LIVER, a large glandulous Vi feus, of a red fanguine Colour, fituated immediately under the Diaphragm, in the right Hypochondrium, which it almott fills; and thence flretching itfelf over the right Side of the Stomach towards the left Hypochondrium, reaches behind the Cartilage Etijiformis, growing gradually thinner and nar- rower. Its Ufe is to purify the Mafs of Blood, by making a Secretion of the bilious Humours it contains. Its upper Part is convex, and perfectly fmooth or polifhed, the un- der concave, and fame what more uneven, having four large Fiffures ; one thro' which the Umbilical Ligament paffes ; a fecond on the left Side, receiving the Pylorus and the beginning of the Duodenum ; a third on the right Side near the Margin, in which the Gall-Bladder is lodged ; and the latt in the upper Part, affording a Paffage to the Vena Cava. Its Figure is fomewhat ap- proaching to round, with thin Edges not altogether even, but notched in fo me Places. Its Magnitude is various in different Subjects, according to the Proportion of the Bo- dy, tho' in a Fcetus, or very young Animal, it is always larger, in proportion, than in Adults. In Dogs and other Animals ot the Quadruped Kind, it is divided into feve- ral dittinct Lobes, but in Men it is generally conti- nued ; having one fmall Protuberance, which fome ac- count a little Lobe. It is fornetimes, however, obferved in Men to have been divided into two or three Lobes.
The Liver is connected to fcveral Parts, but efpecially to the Diaphragm, to which it is fattened by a broad, thin but ftrong femicircular Ligament, call'd the fufpettfary Ligament, and derived from the common Capfula of the Porta and Gall Ducts. The Continuity of this Ligament being interrupted by the Perforation of the Vena Cava, has given occafion to fome Anatomifts to divide it into two* Is is likewife by another ttrong Ligament, which has its Origin from the external Coat of the Liver, or which is all one, from the Peritoneum, tied to the Cartilago Xypboi- des j and by a third, which is formed out of the Umbili- cal Veffels, which in Adults dry up and become a Liga- ment, it is connected to the Tendons of the abdominal Mufcles in the Linea alba at the Navel. Thefe feveral Ligaments ferve to keep it in its due fituation : betides which it has fome other Connections by the Blood- Veffels.
The Liver has a Motion, though not proper to itfelf, but depending on that of the Diaphragm, to which be- ing very firmly connected, it mutt needs obey its Mo^ tion, and in Expiration be drawn up, and in Infpiration let down again. It is covered with a thin fmooth Mem- brane, derived from the Peritoneum, which may be fepa- rated from the Subttance of the Liver, tho' not without fome danger of Laceration. The Subttance of the Liver is vafcular and glandulous ; which latter Part is very foft and friable, and pretty eaiily fc raped off from the Vef- fels, to which the Glands every way adhere, as it were in Bunches ; which has made the Anatomifts call the con- siderable ones, The Internal Lobes of the Liver.
The Glands adhering thus to the Veffels, and confti- tuting thofe Lobes, are wrapped up together in proper Membranes 5 whence this Appearance of dill in 61 Lobes. Every one of thefe Glands, according to Malpighi, iscom- pofed of fix unequal Sides or Faces. They are all cloth *d with their proper Membranes, and have each an excre- tory Duel, feveral of which joining together, form little Trunks, which run all along with the Branches of the Porta ; and thefe again uniting, form longer Trunks, which are always found full of Bile, and conftitute the Poms Wilarh'.s ; which being diflributed all over the £5-
ver, receives, in the foregoing manner, the Bile " 7 which is feparated by thefe Glands, and terminating in the Mea- tus Hefaiicus, and that in the DuBus Communis, at length difcharges the Eile into the Duodenum.
Befides this Difcharge by the Porus Bilarius, which is fuppoied to be the great one, the Liver alfo delivers Part of its Bile into the Gail-Bladder, by a Dud, call'd the Cyji Hepatic Duff, firft difcovered by Dr. Gliffon ; by means whereof there is an immediate Communication between the Porus Bilarius and the Gall-Bladder ; a particular Defcription of which two laft Parts, fee under the words Gall and Bile.
Befides thefe Gall-Veffels, which are peculiar to the Liver, it abounds with Blood- Veffels, efpecially Veins ; whereof the Porta and Cava are diffeminated thro' the whole Subttance of it. And here it is particularly re- markable of the Porta, that after the manner of Arte- ries it /hoots itfelf from a Trunk into Branches, and be- ing at latt loft in Capillaries, delivers the Blood into the Cava, by which it is immediately reconveyed to the Heart.
The Porta is formed out of the Concurrence of divers Veins, which, meeting together, make one of the raoft considerable venous Trunks of the Body, as to its Bulk ; tho', contrary to the Courfe of other Veins, it runs not far in a Trunk, but is foon diftributed again by Ramifi- cations into the Liver. SctVena Porta.
The Blood conveyed into the Live r by the Porta, after the manner of the Arteries, is received again, after hav- ing been purged of its Bile in the Glands of the Liver into innumerable Veins, which empty themfelves into the Cava, and are vulgarly, tho' improperly, call'd Bran- ches of the Cava ; but ought to be etteemed the proper 1 Blood-Veffcls of the Liver, as the Emulgents are of the Kidneys ; and which, as all the reft do, except the Pulmo- nary Vein, empty themfelves into the Cava ; the common Channel by which the Blood returns to the Heart. '. The Arteries, which are call'd the Hepatic, come front the right Branch of the Celiac. Dr. Glifon thinks the Porta does fo much the Office of an Artery, that no more Arteries are neceffary than thofe which furnifh Nourifh- ment to the Membranes and Capfula ; but Dr. Drake thinks they ferve for the Nourifliment of the whole Park Thefe Arteries are much bigger in Men than in other Animals. Mr. Cowper had feveral Preparations, wherein the Stem of each, J^epatic Artery was as large as a Goofe- Quill, and the Branches in the Liver every where equal in Magnitude to thofe of the Porus Bilarius, which they accompany. Dr. Drake conjectures, that in this Vifcus in a human Body, a larger Stream and directer Impetus of arterious Blood is required to drive on the Venous^ becaufe of the erect Potture, than'in Animals of an ho- rizontal Pofirion of Body. For which reafon Horfes, ££c. though of much larger Size, and having much big- ger Livers, have thefe Arteries much fmaller than Men 5 and not only fo, but curled like the Tendrils of a Vine, to break the Impetus, which in that Potture is not fo ne-> eeffary as in the Erect. See Bile.'
The Liver has its Nerves from the Hepatic Plexus* found on the right Hypochondrium by the Branches of the Intercofra], which wrapping themfelves about the Arteries, make a fort of Net-work ; and after fpreading themfelves on the Membrane and Surface,difappear. The Lymphjeducts are numerous, tho' not eafily difeernible in human Subjects, for want of live Diffectioris ; but in other Animals, that maybe differed alive, become ve- ry confpicuous, by applying a Ligature to the Porta and the bilary Duct. For the Ufe of the Liver in the Secretion of Bile, fee Bile,
Plato, and others of the Antients, fix the Principle of Love in the Liver ; whence the Lit'm Proverb, Cogitamare Jecur : And in thisfenfe Horace frequently ufes the word* as when he fays, Si torrere Jecur quxris Idoneum. The Greeks, from its concave Figure, call'd it iTntf, vauhed t fufpended ; the Latins call'd it j.ecur, q-d._iv$*a£or, as , being near the Heart. The French call it Foye from "Foyer, ' Focus, or Fire-place ; agreeable to the Djttrine of the Antients, who believed the Blood to be boiled and pre- pared in it. Erafftratus at firfl call'd it Parenchyma, i. e. Effuficn, or Mafs of Blood ; and Hippocrates, by way of Eminence, frequently calls it the Hypochondrium.
LIVERY, properly fignifies a Colour, to which aP'ef- fon has fome particular Fancy, and by which he chufes to dittinguifh himfclf from others. Liveries are ufually taken out of Fancy, or continued in Families by Succef- fion. The antient Cavaliers, at their Tournaments, di- ftinguifhed themfelves by wearing the Liveries of .their Miftreffes. Thus People of Quality make their Do- mettics wear their Livery. Father Meneftrier; in his Trea- tife of Caroufals, has given a very ample Account of the' Mixtures of Colours in Liveries. Dion tells us, that Otto- mans was the 6rfl vho invented green and blue Colours
