Sometimes Per se is opposed to Per aliud; in which Sense God alone is (aid to have a Being Per se, as not deriving it from any other, but having it necessarily and of himself.
Sometimes again, Per se signifies as much as, of its own Na- ture, or in virtue of its own Entity : Thus the Sun is said to give light Per se; and Quantity is extended Per se.
Among Logicians, a Thing is faid to be known Per se,
Per se notum, when we immediately perceive it upon the
first proposing of the Terms : As that the Whole is greater
than its Paris. See Axiom.
The Philosophers go so far as to consider the Mode of a Thing existing Per se, or that which constitutes its Existence such; which they call Perseity, Perseitas. See Existence.
PERSECUTION, a Word which literally imports any Pain, Affliction, or Inconvenience, which a Person designedly inflicts on another.
But, as a Term, Persecution is restrain'd to the Sufferings of Christians, in Behalf of their Religion ; particularly to those of the primitive Christians, under the Heathen Empe- rors Nero, Decius, Diocletian, &c.
They reckon ten of these Perfections; Nero lighted the First. Lacantius has wrote the History of the Deaths of North.
Persecutors ; tho' some question whether that Work be really his or not. Bishop Burnet, who has turn'd it into Eng- lish , makes no great doubt of it.
PERSEVERANCE, in Theology, a Christian Virtue, whereby we are enabled to persist in the way of Salvation to the End.
The final perseverance of the Saints is an Article much controverted between the Arminians and Calvnists : The latter of whom maintain it impossible for Grace to be lost; and therefore make Perseverance to the End, a necessary Consequence thereof; which the former deny; believing the most confirm'd Believers never never out of a Poffibihty of falling See Grace.
PERSEUS, in Astonomy a Constellation of the Northern Hemisphere. See Consteallation
The Stars in this Constellaton, in Ptolemy, Catalogue are 29; in Tycho's as many; in the Srtanmc Catalogue 67. The Longitudes, Latitudes, Magnitudes &c. whereof are as follow:
Stars in the Constellation Persus.
| Names and Situation of the Stars, | Sign | Latitude, | North. | Magnit. | |||||
| In Andromeda's Foot, according to Ptolomy and Tycho ; according to Bayer in Perseus. | 8 | 08 | 36 | 35 | 23 | 45 | |||
| 10 | 18 | 13 | 36 | 49 | 13 | 5 | |||
| 14 | 19 | 14 | 40 | 13 | 15 | 6 | |||
| In the Middle of the Sword | 11 | 52 | 02 | 36 | 18 | 37 | 6 | ||
| 12 | 09 | 56 | 34 | 26 | 01 | 6,7 | |||
| 5. | |||||||||
| 15 | 39 | 10 | 38 | 57 | 37 | 6 | |||
| 19 | 02 | 06 | 41 | 13 | 15 | 6 | |||
| 15 | 45 | 38 | 35 | 09 | 28 | 6 | |||
| South in the Hilt of the Sword againft the Hand | 19 | 56 | 48 | 40 | 43 | 20 | 5,6 | ||
| North. | 20 | 12 | 34 | 41 | 03 | 20 | 6 | ||
| 10 | |||||||||
| Small one under the Hand | 19 | 44 | 42 | 38 | 57 | 41 | 6 | ||
| 20 | 39 | 23 | 39 | 28 | 49 | 7 | |||
| 22 | 47 | 39 | 37 | 06 | 23 | 7 | |||
| North, of the Informes before Medusa's Head | 16 | 32 | 13 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 6 | ||
| In the preceed. Shoulder | 20 | 19 | 25 | 31 | 36 | 07 | 4 | ||
| 15 | |||||||||
| In the upper Arm | 18 | 25 | 56 | 26 | 57 | 26 | 6 | ||
| 24 | 23 | 27 | 37 | 26 | 50 | 4 | |||
| South, of the Informes before Medusa's Head | 17 | 29 | 12 | 20 | 55 | 32 | 4 | ||
| Preced. of Inform, under Medusa's Head | 16 | 36 | 35 | 17 | 46 | 05 | 6,5 | ||
| In Perseus's Head | 23 | 35 | 30 | 34 | 20 | 12 | 5 | ||
| 20 | |||||||||
| 18 | 08 | 09 | 20 | 44 | 42 | 6 | |||
| 16 | 51 | 14 | 24 | 47 | 5,6 | ||||
| Preced. in Medufa's Head | 19 | 34 | 36 | 21 | 42 | 15 | 4 | ||
| Last of Inform, and. Medufa's Head | 18 | 13 | 28 | 17 | 24 | 46 | 6 | ||
| In the hind Shoulder | 25 | 42 | 10 | 34 | 30 | 05 | 3 | ||
| 25 | |||||||||
| In the upper Part of the Arm | 27 | 10 | 38 | 37 | 2 | 7 | 42 | 5,6 | |
| South, in Medusa's Head | 20 | 34 | 30 | 20 | 33 | 13 | 4 | ||
| In the Middle of the Back Algol | 24 | 49 | 20 | 30 | 38 | 35 | 4 | ||
| Bright one in Medusa's Head | 21 | 50 | 42 | 22 | 23 | 47 | 2,3 | ||
| In the lower Part of the Arm | 23 | 21 | 12 | 26 | 04 | 21 | 4 | ||
| 30 | |||||||||
| That under Algol | 22 | 01 | 38 | 20 | 55 | 56 | 4,5 | ||
| 26 | 52 | 43 | 30 | 42 | 10 | 6,7 | |||
| 24 | 38 | 48 | 24 | 49 | 51 | 6 | |||
| 26 | 54 | 54 | 30 | 33 | 42 | 6 | |||
| Against the Preceed. and South, Side | 25 | 07 | 54 | 23 | 58 | 05 | 5,6 | ||
| 35 | |||||||||
| A Lucid one against the hind Part | 27 | 46 | 04 | 30 | 05 | 20 | 2 | ||
| 28 | 35 | 25 | 29 | 30 | 00 | 6 | |||
| Preced. the Lucida of the hind Part | 28 | 17 | 42 | 28 | 00 | 24 | 5 | ||
| 28 | 03 | 15 | 26 | 03 | 51 | 6 | |||
| Middle of three in the Side | 29 | 26 | 13 | 27 | 56 | 05 | 5 | ||
| 40 | |||||||||
| Another following these against the Hip | 0 | 29 | 17 | 15 | 21 | 3 | |||
| Over the Heel of the inner Foot | 26 | 4B | 20 | 13 | 53 | 28 | 6 | ||
| In the lower Thigh | 29 | 50 | 16 | 20 | 07 | 03 | 4 | ||
| In the Heel of the South. Foot | 26 | 49 | 11 | 12 | 08 | 36 | 3,4 | ||
| In the Heel of the same Foot | 28 | 05 | 52 | 12 | 40 | 25 | 6 | ||
| In the upper Thigh | 2 | 54 | 03 | 26 | 20 | 30 | 7 | ||
| 3 | 46 | 50 | 29 | 33 | 04 | 5 | |||
| In extrem. of South, Foot | 28 | 47 | 44 | 11 | 17 | 54 | 3 | ||
| In South. Knee | 1 | 21 | 25 | 19 | 04 | 53 | 3 | ||
| In South Leg | 0 | 39 | 15 | 14 | 54 | 06 | 5 | ||
| 50 | |||||||||
| Preced. against North Knee | 5 | 26 | 24 | 28 | 51 | 00 | 5 | ||
| Preced. in the upper leg | 5 | 10 | 54 | 16 | 12 | 08 | 4,5 | ||
| 2 | 56 | 50 | 16 | 26 | 27 | 6 | |||
| 3 | 03 | 45 | 16 | 44 | 25 | 6,7 | |||
| Subseq. in upper Leg | 6 | 28 | 58 | 26 | 40 | 09 | 5 | ||
| 55 | |||||||||
| Inform, over North Knee | 7 | 54 | 41 | 31 | 27 | 20 | 6 | ||
| That following South Knee | 4 | 49 | 30 | 18 | 53 | 20 | 5 | ||
| That following North, Knee | 7 | 30 | 02 | 28 | 24 | 56 | 5 | ||
| South, of those contiguous heteto | 7 | 37 | 09 | 28 | 08 | 30 | 6 | ||
| North | 7 | 59 | 23 | 28 | 58 | 11 | 7 | ||
| 60 | |||||||||
| In the Calf of the upper Leg | 7 | 17 | 48 | 24 | 35 | 00 | 6 | ||
| 4 | 51 | 10 | 12 | 51 | 48 | 6,5 | |||
| 5 | 37 | 12 | 12 | 17 | 47 | 7 | |||
| 5 | 37 | 19 | 12 | 07 | 44 | 7 | |||
| In the Heel of upper Foot. | 8 | 55 | 46 | 20 | 49 | 11 | 6 | ||
| 65 | |||||||||
| In the Sole of the same Foot | 9 | 16 | 20 | 18 | 58 | 00 | 5 | ||
| 10 | 48 | 29 | 20 | 52 | 59 | 6 |
PERSIAN, or the Persian Tongue, one of the living oriential Language spoke in the Empire of Persia. See
Language
The Persian has two Particularities not found in any of the
other Eastern Tongues, The one that it has an auxiliary
Verb, answering to the Verb (
Greek characters), of the Greeks; the other,
that it has an Aoristus. Both these it borrow'd from the Ma-
cedonians, after the Conquest of Alexander. Sec Greek
Persian Wheel, in Agriculture, is a Machine for railing a Quantity of Water sufficient to over-flow Lands bordering on the Banks of Rivers, &c. where the Stream is too low to do it alone. See Wheel.
Persian or Persic, in Architecture, a Name common to all Statues of Men, serving instead of Columns, to support Entablatures. See Statue.
They only differ from Caryatides, in that those represent Statues of Women. See Caryatides.
The Persian is a Kind of Order of Columns, first prac- tiz'd among the Athenians; on occasion of a Victory their General Pausanias obtain'd over the Persians. As a Trophy of this Victory, the Figures of Men dress'd in the Persian Mode, with their Hands bound before them, and other Cha- racters of Slavery, were charg'd with the Weight of Doric En- tablatures; and made to do the Office of Doric Columns. See Order.
Persian Columns, M. le Clerc observes, are not always made with the Marks of Slavery; but are frequently used as Symbols of Virtues, Vices, of Joy, Strength, Valour, &c. as when made in the Figure of Hercules to represent Strength, of Mars, Mercury, Fauns, Satyres, &c.
Persian Æra and Year. See Epocha and Year.
Person, an individual Substance, of a rational or intelli- gent Nature. See Substance, and Individual.
The Father and Son are reputed, in Law, as the same Person; an Embassador represents the Person of his Prince, See Embassador.
In Theology the Godhead is divided into three Persons ; but here the Word Person carries a peculiar Idea, very dif- ferent from that attach'd to it every where else; being only used for want of a Term more pertinent and expressive. See Trinity.
The Word Person, Persona is said to be borrow'd a Per- sonando, from personating, or counterfeiting; and is supposed to have first signified a Mask : By Reason, says Boethius, in Larva Concava sonus volvatur, and hence the Actors who appear'd mask'd on the Stage, were sometimes call'd Zarva- ti, and sometimes Personati.
Hence, adds Boethius, as the several Actors repre-
sented each their single individual Man, viz. Oedipus, or
Chermes, or Hecuba, or Medea; for this Reason, other Peo-
ple, who were also distinguish'd by something in their Form,
Character, &c. whereby they might be known; came also to
be call'd by the Latius Personæ, and by the Greeks (Greek characters).
Again, as these Actors rarely represented any but great and illustrious Characters; the Word came at length to im- port the Mind , as being a Thing of the greatest Regard and Dignity among human Matters. And thus Men, Angels, and even God himsels were call'd Persons.
Things merely corporeal, as a Stone, a Plant, or a Horse, were call'd Hypostates, or Suppsita; but never Persons. See
Hypostasis, &c.
