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Wl.Ricard adds, that Bills of Exchange drawn from Amfterdam, or Antwerp, or Spain, are to be protefted, in default of Payment, within fourteen Days after they fall due j after which time, the Bearer ftands the rilque and chance of the non-protefted Bill, not the Drawer, or En- dorfer; in cafe the Party happens to fail after the faid four- teenth Day.
PROTESTANT, a Name firft given in Germany to thofe who adher'd to the Doctrine of Luther; becaufe, in 1529, they protefted againft a Decree of the Emperor Charles V. and the Diet of Spires ; and declar'd, that they appeal' d to a General Council.
The Name has been fince alfo given to thofe who ad- here to the Sentiments of Calvin j and is now become a common Name for all thofe of the Reform'd Churches. See Lutheran, Calvinist, &c.
Great Endeavours have been made to unite the Lutheran Proteftants with the Calvinijls, but in vain.
Protestation, a folemn Declaration made by fome Judiciary Acf or Proceeding againft an Oppreffion, Vio- lence, orlnjuflicej or againft the Legality of a Sentence, Judgment, Decree, or other Procedure; importing that the Party is determin'd to oppofe it at the proper time, &c. See Protest.
tProteflation, in Law, is defin'd by Juftice Walfb, a Defence or Safeguard to the Party that makes it, from being concluded by the A £1 he is about to do 5 fo that Ififue cannot be join'd upon it.
tProteflatioti is a Form of pleading, when one does not directly either affirm or deny any thing alledg'd by ano- ther, or which he himfelf alledges. Plowd. fol. z)<j.
PROTHESIS, or Prosthesis, in Grammar, in the ge- neral is ufed for a Metaplafrn. See Metaplasm.
But it alfo more particularly denotes a prefixing of fome- thing at the beginning of a Word; as in g?zavus,pro
tiavus.
This is alfo call'd Apportion. See Apposition.
Prothesis, or Prosthesis, among Surgeons, is the fil- ling up of what was before wanting : Such, e.gr. is the filling up of fiftulous Ulcers with new Flefh. See Fistu- lous, w
Prothesis is alfo a little Altar in the.Greek Churches, whereon a Ceremony is performed, call'd by the fame Name, "sr^Ssszf.
On this Altar the Prieft, with the other Mitiivters, pre- pares every thing neceffary to the Celebration of Mafs ; viz. the Bread, "Wine, 8£?c. After which, they go in pro- ceffion from this to the great Altar.} to begin Mafs j carry- ins w'ith them the Species thus prepar'd. See Altar.
PROTHONOTARY, Protonotary, or Pronota-
- .y, a Term properly Signifying firft Notary-, and which
was antiently the Title of the principal Notaries of the Emperor of Constantinople. See Notary.
"With us, Prothonotary is now ufed for Officers in the Courts of King's Bench, and Common Pleas j the latter whereof has three ; the former, one. See Court, &c.
Prothonotary of the King's Bench, records all Ac- tions Civil, fued in that Court? as the Clerk of the Crown- Orfice doth all Criminal Caufes. See King's Bench, Re- cord, £5?c.
Prothonotaries of the Common Pleas, enter and en- roll all Declarations, Pleadings, Aflizes, Judgments, and Anions : they alfo make out all Judicial Writs 5 as the Ve- nire facias, after liTue join'd; Habeas Corpus, for bringing in of the Jury; Difiringas Jurator. Writs of Execution, andSeifin, of Superfedeas, of" Privilege, f£c. They inroll all Recognizances acknowledg'd in that Court, all common Recoveries; make Exemplifications of Records, &c.
Prothonotary, or Protonotary, is alfo an Officer in the Court of Rome, who has a degree of Pre-eminence over the other Notaries.
There is a College of twelve 'Prothonotaries, call'd P>ar- ticipantes, becaufe partaking in the Fees of the Expeditions in Chancery.
They are rank'd among the Number of Prelates, wear the Violet Rochet, the Hat, £$c. They affift at all grand Ceremonies, and have a place in the Pope's Chappel.
Their Office is to difpatch the A£t$ in grand Caufes, which the fimple Apoftolical Notaries difpatch in lefler Caufes : they may create Apoftolical Notaries, and Doflors, to officiate out of the City-
Thofe out of the College have none of the Privileges of the others, except the Habit.
The 'Prothonotaries were firft: eftablifti'd at Rome by Pope Clement I. with defign to write the Lives of the Mar- tyrs. See Notary.
PROTHYRUM, mefiu&v, a Porch at the outward Door of a Houfe, or Portal. See Porch.
PROTHYR1S, Protityride, is alfo ufed by Vignola for a particular fort of a Key of an Arch, an Inftance of which we have in his Ionic Order ; confifting of a Roll of Water-Leaves, between two Reglets and two Fillets,
crown y with a 2)oric Cymatimn 5 its Figure being muc'h like that of a Modillion.
Prothyris, in the antient Architecture, is fometimes alfo ufed for a Quoin, or Corner of a Wall ; and fome- times for a crofs Beam, or over-thwart Rafter.
PROTO, a Word ufed in Compofition with divers Terms' m our Language 5 affeding them with a relation of Priority i as in Troto-Martyr, Proto-Type, £?£.
It is form'd of the Greek v&tqs, primus, firft, PROTOCOLLUM, Protocol, a Term ufed in the antient Jurifprudence, for the firft Leaf of a Book ; where- in was the Mark of the Paper and Parchment.
It was even fometimes ufed for the Mark itfelfj which was ufually in the Margin* but fometimes at the top of the Page.
The XLIVth Novel of Juftiniart, forbids the cutting of the Protocollum of Charters which fhew'd the Year^ wherein the Paper or Parchment were made, and the Offi- cer commiffion'dfor the Delivery of them 5 by means where- of, Frauds were frequently detected.
Others will have Protocollum to have been the firft Mi- nute, or Draught, or Summary, of an Act to be pafs'd : which the Notary drew firft up, in fhort, in little Table- Books, to be afterwards enlarg'd at leifure. See No- tary.
PROTO-FORESTARIU^, was he whom our antient Kings made Chief of Wind/or -Foreft, to take Cognizance of all Caufes of Death, or Mayhem there. See Forest and Forester.
PROTO-MARTYR, the firft Martyr, or Witnefs, who fuffer'd Death in Teftimony of the Truth ; as Abel in the Old Teftament ; and Sr. Stephen in the New, See Mar- tyr.
The Word is compounded of ^^rQ-, firft, and //a,-Tuf, Witnefs.
PROTONOTARY. See Prothonotary. PROTOPLAST, Protoplastus, a Title fometimes given to our Firft-fathcr, Adam; from the Greek w-£?to- srAas"©-, a- d. firfi form'd, See Plastic.
PROTOTYPE, the Original, or Model whereon a thing is to be form'd. See Type.
It is chiefly ufed for the Patterns of things to be Engra- ven, Moulded, or Caft. See Model, Mould, £S?c.
PROTOTYPON, in Grammar, is fomeiimes ufed for a primitive or original Word. See Primitive.
PROTRACTING, or Protraction, in Surveying, the plotting, or laying down of the Dimcnftons taken in the Field 5 by means of a Protractor, &C See Protrac- tor and Plotting.
'Protrafiwg makes one half of Surveying. See Sur- veying.
Protracting-^P/k, a Mathematical Internment ; or rather, an Appendage of an Infirument call'd a Protractor.
The ProtraBing-'Pin is a fine Needle, fitted into a Handle ; ufed to prick off Degrees and Minutes from the Limb of the ProtraBor. See Protractor.
PROTRACTOR, an Inftrument ufed in Surgery, to draw out any foreign or difagreeable Bodies from a Wound, or Ulcer, in like manner as the Forceps. See Forceps.
Protractor, is alfo an Infirument ufed in Surveying ; whereby, the Angles taken in the Field with a Theodolite* Circumferentor , or the like, are plotted or laid down on Paper. See Plotting.
The Protractor confifis of a Semi-circular Limb BAG (Tab. Surveying, Fig.29.) of Brafs, Silver, Horn, or the like, divided into 180°, and fubtended by a Diameter B A j in the middle whereof is a little Notch or Lip, o t call'd the Centre of the Protractor.
On the Limb of the Protractor are, fometimes, alfo placed Numbers, denoting the Angles at the Centers of re- gular Polygons : Thus, againft the Number 5, denoting the Sides of a Pentagon is found 72, the Angle at the Cen- tre of a Pentagon. See Polygon.
Ufe of the Protractor.
1. To lay down an Angle of any given Quantity, or Number of 'Degrees. Suppofe, e.gr. an Angle of 50° with the Line A B, required on the Point 0. Lay the Centre of the Protractor on the given Point, and the Diameter of the Protractor on the given Line; Make a Mark againft the given Degree 50, on the Limb of the protractor 5 thro' which, from the given Point draw a Line op : This gives the Angle required.
2. To find the Quantity of a given Angle: E.gr. the Angle p A 5 lay the Centre of the Protractor on the Point of the Angle, 0, and the Diameter on the Line. The De- greeoftheLimb cut by the other Line op, vi-Z. 50, is the Numberof Degrees of the Angle requir'd.
3. I'oinfcribe any given regular Polygon, e.gr. a Pen- tagon in a Circle. Lay the Centre and Diameter of the Protractor on the Centre and Diameter of the Circle; ml
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