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Before him, the Architects had no certain Rule to conduct themfelves by ; but did all at random. Reckoning the De- grees of the Quadrant of the Circle from the Key-Stone to the Impoft ; the Extremity of each Stone will take up fo much the greater Arch, as it is farther from the Key.
M. de la Hire's Rule is, to augment the Weight of each Stone, above that of the Key-Stone, as much as the Tangent of the Arch of the Stone, exceeds the Tangent of the Arch of half the Key. Now, the Tangent of the laft Stone, of ne- ceflity becomes infinite, and of confequence its Weight fhould be fo too : but as Infinity has no place in Practice, the Rule amounts to this, that the laft Stones be loaded as much as poffible, that they may the better refift the Effort which the Vault makes to feparate 'em ; which is call'd the Shoot br Drift of the Fault.
M. 'Parent has fince determin'd the Curve, or Figure which the Extrados, or outfide of a Vault, whofe Intrados, or inlide, is fpherical, muft have, that all the Stones may be in Equilibrio.
Key of a Vault, is a Stone, or Brick, in the middle of the Vault, in form of a truncated Cone ; ferving to bind or faften all the reft. See Key.
The Reins of a Vault, or the filling up, arc the Sides which fuftain it.
The 'Pendentive of a Vault, is the Part fufpended, be- tween the Arches or Ogives. See Pendentive.
"The Impoft of a Vault, is the Stone whereon the firft VtmfpAr, or Stone of the Vault, is laid. See Impost, &c. Vault, or Volt, in the Manage, an Action of a Horfe, wherein he turns round, or makes a Circle fide-ways, going round a Centre.
There are Tome Vaults wherein the Horfe makes two parallel Circles, the one with his fore Feet, and the other with his hind ; and others, wherein the Horfe making Cur- vets and Cipriols, his Haunches follow his Shoulders, and on- ly make one Circle, or Oval, about a Pillar or Centre.
An inverted, or backward Vault, is that wherein the Horfe, turning likewife fideways, has his Head towards the Centre, and his Tail rowards the Circumference : So that the great Circle is form'd by the fore-Feet, and the little one by the hind-Feet.
A i)emi-Vault, or Half Vault, is when the Horfe only goes half the Circle, and comes back again the fame way.
Vault is alfo ufed for the Manages praftis'd on the wooden Horfe, to learn to mount and unmount with Eafe and Ex- pedition.
VAUNT-Z<y>, among Hunters, a fetting of Hounds, or Beagles in a readinefs where the Chace is 10 pafs ; and calling 'em off before the reft of the Kennel come in. See Relay.
VAYVODE, or Vaivode. See Waywoee. UBIQJJISTS, Ubiquitaries, or Ubiquitarians, a SeA of Hereticks, which rofe and fpread it fell in Germany ;
For fince God cannot be faid to exift in all Places,' as plac'd therein, (fince, then, he would need fomething to his Exiftence, viz. Place ; and would have Extenfion, Parts, Sfe. J he muft be conceiv'd to be every where, or in all Things, as a firft, univerfal efficient Caufe, in all his Effects.
He is prcfent, therefore, to all his Creatures, as a pure Act, or an Exercife of an active Virtue, which knows, pre- ferves, governs, &c. every thing. Nor are, even finite Minds, prefent otherwife than by Operation. See Presence. UDDER, Uber, in Comparative Anatomy, that Part in Brutes wherein the Milk is prepared ; anfwering to the Mammae, or Breafts, in the human Kind. See Mammje, and Milk.
VECTIS, in Mechanicks, one of the Powers j more ufu- ally call'd the Lever. See Lever,
VECTOR, in Aftronomy, a Line fuppos'd to be drawn from any Planet moving round a Centre or the Focus of an Ellipfis, to that Centre, or Focus.
This, by fome Writers of rhe new Aftronomy, is called Vector, becaufe it is that Line by which the Planet feems to be carried round its Centre ; and with which it defcribes Areas, proportional to the Times. See Planet.
VEDETTE, in the Military Art, a Sentinel on Horfe- back, detach'd from the main Body of the Army, to difco- ver and give notice of the Enemy's Defigns. See Recon- noitre.
VEER, a Sea Term, varioufly ufed. Veering out a Rope, denotes the letting it go by hand, or letting it run out of it felf : Thus, they fay, Veer more Cable ; that is, let more run out : But they do not ufe the Word for rhe letting out of any running Rope, except the Sheet.
The Word Veer is alfo ufed in reference to the Wind ; for when it changeth often and fuddenly, they fay, the V/ind veereth.
Alfo, when a Ship, under fail, hath her Sheet veered out, they fay, She goes veering ; that is, at large, neither by a Wind, nor directly before it, but between both ; which they alfo call Quartering. See Wind, and Quartering.
VEGETABLE, in Phyfiology, a Term applied to all Plants, confider'd as capable of growth, i. e. to all natural Bodies which have Parts organically form'd for Generation, and Accretion, but not Senfation. See Plant.
In Vegetables, there is fuppofed to be a Principle of Life, commonly call'd the Vegetative Soul. See Vegetative, and Vegetation.
Soerhaave very fcientifically defines a Vegetable to be a Body generated of the Earth ; to which it adheres, or is con- nected, by Parts called Roots, thro' which it receives the Matter of its Nourifhment, and Increafe ; and confifts of Juices, and Veffels, fenfibly diftincr from each other : Or, a Vegetable is an organical Body, compos'd of Veffels, and Juices, every where diftinguifhable from each other ; to which grow Roors, or Parts whereby it adheres ^to fome
d whofe diftinguifhing Doctrine was, that the Body of other Body, from which it derives the Matter of its Life, and
Jefus Chrift is every where, or in every Place.
Srentius, one of the earlicft Reformers, is faid to have firft broach 'd this Error, in 15(10. Melanchlon immediately declar'd againft it ; maintaining, that it introdue'd, with rhe Eutycheans, a kind of Confufion into the two Natures of Jefus Chrift; and proteffed that he would oppofe it as long as he liv'd.
On the other hand, Andrew and Flaccius Illynus, OJian- dcr, &c. efpoufed Srentius's Party ; and afferted, the Body of Jefus Chrift to be every where.
The Univerfities of Lc'ipjick and IVirtenberg, and the ge- nerality of Proteftants, fet themfelves againft this new He- refy, but in vain : The Ubiquitarians grew flronger and ftronger. Six of their Leaders, Smidelin, Selneccer, Muf- culus, Chemnithis, Chytrms , and Cornerus , having a Meeting in 1577, in the Monattery of Berg; they there compofed a kind of Credo, or Formula of Faith ; wherein the Ubiquity was eftablifh'd as an Article.
All the Ubiquijls, however, are not agreed: Some of 'em, and among rhe reft the Swedes, hold that Jefus Chrift, even during his Mortal Life, was every where : Others maintain, that 'tis only fince his Afcenfion that his Body is every where.
G. Hornius will only allow Srentius to be the firft Propa- garor of Ubiquitifm ; its firft Inventor, according to him, was John of Weflphalia, a Minifter at Hambourg, in 1552.
In the Univerfity of 'Paris, Ubiquifi is a Term applied to fuch Doctors in Theology as are not reftrain'd to any par- ticular Houfe ; either to that of Navarre, or Sorbonne.
The Ubiquijls are called fimply Do&ors in 'Theology ; whereas the others add, of the Houfe of Sorbonne, or Na- varre, &c. See Sorbonne.
The Word is form'd from the Latin Adverb, ubiqtte, every where.
UBIQUITY, more properly call'd Omnipre fence ; an At- tribute 0? the Godhead, whereby he is always, intimately prefent to all Things ; gives the Effe to all Things j knows, preferves, and works all, in all Things. See God.
growth.
This Definition furnifTies a juft and adequate Idea of a Vegetable : for by its confiding of Veffels and Juices, it is dillinguifh'd from a Foffil ; and by its adhering to another Body, and deriving its Nourifhment therefrom, it is dittin- guifh'd from an Animal. See Fossil, and Animal.
A Vegetable is defined an Organical Scdy, becaufe confif- ting of different Parrs, which jointly concur to the Exercife of the fame Function. See Organical.
Adhering by fome of its Parts to another Sody ; for we know of no Plant that is fo abfolutely vague and fluctuating, but has ftill a Body ir adheres to ; tho that Body may be various, e.g. Eatth, as in our common Plants ; Stone, as in Rock Plants ; Water, as in Sea Plants ; and Air, as in fome Mucilages. See S.ocs.-'Plant, Jim-Plant, £=?c.
As to thofe few Plants which appear to float with the Wa- ter, their manner of growth is fomewhat anomalous : M. Toumefort has fhewn, that all Plants do not arife flrictiy from Seeds ; but that fome, inftead of Semen, depofite, or let fall a little drop of Juice, which finking in the Water, by its Gravity reaches the bottom, or fome Rock, £•>£. in its way ; to which it flicks, ftrikes Root, and fhoots into Branches : Such is the Origin of Coral. See Coral.
Add, thar the Root of a Piant may have any Situation at pleafure, with refpect to the Body thereof; nor needs it ei- ther be loweft, or higheft, f$c Accordingly, in Aloes, Co- ral, Moffes, Fungus's, ($c. the Root is frequently uppermoft, and its growth downward.
The vafcular Struflure of Vegetables, is render'd very ap- parent, by an Experiment of Mr. Wdlonghby : Cutting off fome pretty big Branches of Birch, and making a fort of Ba- fon, or Refervoir on the End thereof with fome foft Wax ; upon filling this with Water, and holding the Branch up- right, the Water, in a few Minutes, funk into the Veffels of the Wood, and running quite thro' the Length, drop'd out confiderably faft ; continuing fo to do, lo long as the Water was pour'd on.
The
