tudinal contracting surface slowly creep round the shoot, deserting by slow degrees the southern side and encroaching on the eastern side, and so round by the north, by the west, again to the south; in this case the shoot would remain always bowed with the painted line appearing on the convex, on the lateral, and concave surfaces, and with the point of the shoot successively directed to all points of the compass. In fact, we should then have the exact kind of movement seen in the revolving shoots of twining plants. I have spoken in the illustration, for brevity's sake, of the cells along each face successively contracting; of course turgescence of the cells on the opposite face, or both forces combined, would do equally well.
It must not be supposed that the revolving movement of twining plants is as regular as that given in this illustration; in very many cases the tip describes an ellipse, even a very narrow ellipse. To recur once again to our illustration, if we suppose the southern and then the northern face of the sapling to contract, the summit would describe a simple arc; if the contraction first travelled a very little to the eastern face, and during the return a very little to the western face, a narrow ellipse would be described; and the sapling would become straight as it passed to and fro by the central point. A complete straightening of the shoot may often be observed in revolving plants; but the weight of the shoot apparently interferes with the regularity of the movement, and with the place of straitening. The movement is often (in appearance at least) as if the southern, eastern, and northern faces had contracted, but not the western face; so that a semicircle is described, and the shoot becomes straight and upright in one part of its course.
When a revolving shoot consists of several internodes, the several lower ones bend together at the same rate, but the one or two terminal internodes bend at a slower rate; hence, though at times all the internodes may be bowed in the same line, at other times the shoot is rendered slightly serpentine, as I have often observed. The rate of revolution of the whole shoot, if judged by the movement of the extreme tip, is thus at times accelerated and retarded. One other point must be noticed. Authors have observed that the end of the shoot in many twining plants is completely hooked; this is very general, for instance, with the Asclepiadaceæ. The hooked tip, in all the cases which I observed, viz. in Ceropegia, Spharostema, Clerodendron, Wistaria, Stephania, Akebia, and Siphomeris, has exactly the same kind of movement as the other revolving internodes; for a line painted
