CHAP. V.
_____ample, but to the pernicious indulgence, however, of the commander in chief.
New establishment of the pretorian guards.The pretorians who murdered their emperor and sold the empire, had received the just punishment of their treason ; but the necessary, though dangerous institution of guards was soon restored on a new model by Severus, and increased to four times the ancient number[1]. Formerly these troops had been recruited in Italy ; and as the adjacent provinces gradually imbibed the softer manners of Rome, the levies were extended to Macedonia, Noricum, and Spain. In the room of these elegant troops, better adapted to the pomp of courts than to the uses of war, it was established by Severus, that from all the legions of the frontiers the soldiers most distinguished for strength, valour, and fidelity, should be occasionally draughted ; and promoted, as an honour and reward, into the more eligible service of the guards[2]. By this new institution, the Italian youth were diverted from the exercise of arms, and the capital was terrified by the strange aspect and manners of a multitude of barbarians. But Severus flattered himself, that the legions would consider these chosen pretorians as the representatives of the whole military order ; and that the present aid of fifty thousand men, superior in arms and appointments to any force that could be brought into the field against them, would for ever crush the hopes of rebellion, and secure the empire to himself and his posterity.
The office of pretorian prefect.The command of these favoured and formidable troops soon became the first office of the empire. As the government degenerated into military despotism, the pretorian prefect, who in his origin had been a simple captain of the guards, was placed, not only at the head of the army, but of the finances, and even of the law. In every department of administration, he represented the person, and exercised the authority of the emperor. The first prefect who enjoyed