CHAP. III.
_____seemed not inferior to the ancient proconsuls; but their station was dependent and precarious. They received and held their commissions at the will of a superior, to whose auspicious influence the merit of their actions was legally attributed[1]. They were the representatives of the emperor. The emperor alone was the general of the republic ; and his jurisdiction, civil as well as mihtary, extended over all the conquests of Rome. It was some satisfaction, however, to the
senate, that he always delegated his power to the members of their body. The imperial lieutenants were of consular or pretorian dignity ; the legions were commanded by senators ; and the prefecture of Egypt was
the only important trust committed to a Roman knight.
Division of the provinces between the emperor and the senate.Within six days after Augustus had been compelled to accept so very liberal a grant, he resolved to gratify the pride of the senate by an easy sacrifice. He represented to them, that they had enlarged his powers, even beyond that degree which might be required by the melancholy condition of the times. They had not permitted him to refuse the laborious command of the armies and the frontiers ; but he must insist on being allowed to restore the more peaceful and secure provinces to the mild administration of the civil magistrate. In the division of the provinces, Augustus provided for his own power, and for the dignity of the republic. The proconsuls of the senate, particularly those of Asia, Greece, and Africa, enjoyed a more honourable character than the lieutenants of the emperor, who commanded in Gaul or Syria. The former were attended by lictors, the latter by soldiers. A law was passed, that wherever the emperor was present, his extraordinary commission should supersede the ordinary jurisdiction of the governor ; a custom was introduced, that the new conquests belonged to the imperial
- ↑ Under the commonwealth, a triumph could only be claimed by the general, who was authorised to take the auspices in the name of the people. By an exact consequence drawn from this principle of policy and religion, the triumph was reserved to the emperor; and his most successful lieutenants were satisfied with some marks of distinction, which, under the name of triumphal honours, were invented in their favour.
