CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER XIX. rONSTANTIUS SOLE EMPEROR.— ELEVATION AND DEATH OF CALLL'S.— DANGER AND ELEVATION OF JULIAN SARMATIAN AND PERSIAN WARS VICTORIES OF .11'- LIAN IN GAUL. Power of the eunuchs . . 350 Education of Gallus and Julian 352 A. D. 351. Gallus declared Cae- sar . . .353 Cruelty and imprudence of Gallus ib. A. D. 354. Massacre of the im- perial ministers . 355 Dani;erous situation of Gallus • 357 His disgrace and death . 358 The danger and escape of Julian 360 A. D. 355. He is sent to Athens 361 Recalled to Milan . . 362 Declared Caesar . 365 Fatal end of Sylvanus . 366 A. D. 357. Constantius visits Rome 367 A new obelisk . . 369 A. U. 357 , 358, 359. The Quadian and Sarmatian war • 370 A. D. 358. The Persian negoci- ation . . . 374 A. D. 359. Invasion of Mesopo- tamia by Sapor . 376 Siege of Amida . . 378 A. U. .360. Siege of Singara, etc. 380 Conduct of the Romans . 381 Invasion of Gaul by the Ger- mans . . 383 Conduct of Julian . . 385 A.D.356. His first campaign in Gaul . . .386 A. D. 357. His second cam- paign . . . 388 Battle of Strasburgh . . 389 A. D. 358. Julian subdues the Franks . . 392 A. D. 357, 358, 359. Makes three 4 expeditions beyond the Rhine 394 Restores the cities of Gaul . 396 Civil administration of Julian . 397 Description of Paris . . 399 CHAPTER XX. THE MOTIVES, PROGRESS, AND EFFECTS OF THE CONVERSION OF CONSTANTINE. — LEGAL ESTABLISHMENT AND CONSTITUTION OF THE CHRISTIAN OR CATHOLIC CHURCH. Date of the conversion of Con- stantine His pagan superstition A. D. 306-312. He protects the christians of Gaul . A.D.313. Edict of Milan . Use and beauty of the christian morality Theory and practice of passive obedience Divine right of Constantine A. D..324. Loyalty and zeal of the christian party . 413 Expectation and belief of a miracle 415 1. The 'labarum,' or standard of the cross II. The dream of Constantine III. Appearance of a cross in the sky . The conversion of Constantine might be sincere . 423 402 405 406 ib. 408 409 411 ib. 418 420 The fourth eclogue of Virgil Devotion and privileges of Con- stantine Delay of his baptism till the ap- proach of death Propagation of Christianity A. D. 312-438. Change of the na- tional religion Distinction of the spiritual and temporal powers State of the bishops under the christian emperors I. Election of bishops II. Ordination of the clergy . III. Property . IV^. Civil jurisdiction . V. Spiritual censures VI. Freedom of public preach- ing . . . VII. Privilege of legislative as- semblies 4-25 4-26 427 4-29 4:32 433 435 436 438 440 443 445 447 449
