472 DESTRUCTION OE THE GREEK EMPIRE attacks the Albanians : is defeated by Iskender Bey, 172 ; Hunyadi again attacks Murad, but is defeated at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174 : death of Murad (1451), 178; character, ib. Mustafa, son of Bajazed, 143 Mustafa, brother of Murad II. : his revolt and punishment, 114, 115 n.; 152, 154 Myriandrion, 240, 249, 339 Neophytus, a monk : embezzler of public moneys, 242 Nicaea : its rulers assumed title of emperor, 58 ; captured by Orchan, 98 ; its present condition, 101 Nicholas IV., Pope : promotes pro- ject of marriage of Catherine of Courtenay to the son of Andronicus 1L, 37 Nicholas V., Pope : calls upon Con- stantine to complete the decreed Union, 202 ; reconciliation of the Churches apparently effected (1452), 203 sq. ; the pope sends 200 men to help emperor, 220 ; he was the first 4 humanist ' pope, and founder of Vatican library, 407 Nicopolis : combined Western armies defeated at (1396), 110,134; details of the battle, 135 Notaras, Lucas : made Grand Duke, 155 ; a defender in the great siege, 250 ; directed the countermining in siege 292 ; his treatment by Mahomet, 374 Orchan, Sultan (son and successor of Othman) : married a daughter of Cantacuzenus, 72 ; sent an army to assist his father-in-law against partisans of John V., ib. ; and another to help Matthew Canta- cuzenus against Serbians, 73 n. ; John V. endeavoured to gain his aid, 78 ; capture of Nicaea, 97 ; conciliatory treatment of Christians, 98 ; varied successes and disas- ters, 98 sq. ; capture of Ismidt (Nicomedia), 99 ; relations with John V., 101 sq. ; Orchan's death (1359) : summary of what he had effected, 102 ; he was the maker of the Turkish nation, ib. Orchan, son (or grandson) of Suliman : his maintenance at Constantinople, 150, 211 sq., 213 ; a defender in the great siege, 250 ; his fate after the capture, 377 Orthogrul. See Ertogrul Othman (or Osman), founder of Ottoman dynasty, 60 ; attacks upon Greek empire, 61 ; obtained a fleet, ib.; took title of Sultan (1299), ib. ; defeated imperial troops, ib. ; divided territory acquired with other chiefs, ib. ; attempted to capture Bhodes, 63 ; siege and capture of Brousa, 64 ; his death (1327), ib. ; his work, 97 Ottoman Turks, 54; made a separate nationality by Orchan, 102 ; con- tests with other Turks, 103 ; spread in Europe, 104, 107 Ottoman coins, the first, 98 Overland transport of Mahomet II.'s ships, 269, 272; similar feats per- formed before, 272 and n. ; the plan and execution kept secret, ib. ; attention diverted from it, 273 sq. ; precautions against opposition, 274 ; the number of vessels, 275 ; method of transport, ib.; distance traversed, 276 ; size of the vessels, 276 n. ; discussion of question of the route adopted, 443 sqq. Oxford : Grocyn and Linacre taught Greek at (temp. Henry VII.), 410 ; the opponents to this novelty called themselves ' Trojans,' ib. Pammacaristos, monastery, 152 Parandaria, description of, 235 Parateichion, the, 239 Pera (modern name Stavrodromion), 273 Peribolos, 114, 238 Peter of Courtenay, Emperor (Latin, 1217-19 : successor of Henry), 8 sq. Petrarch ; promoted study of Greek, 404 Petroboles : Greek name for cannon, 293 Philadelphia : surrendered to Turks (1379), 107 Philelphus ; wide range of his scholarship, 407 sq. Philip Augustus, King (France), 11 Philotheus, patriarch, 78 Photius, patriarch (877-85) : disap- pearance of two thirds of works enumerated in ' Myriobiblion,' 401 Phrantzes: Mahomet II.'s treatment of him and his family, 374 Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius : state- ment that Eugenius IV. justified violation of treaty of Szegedin, 163 n. ; on the number of Turks at
