INDEX 475 Triremes, description of, 234 Turkish mercenaries among defenders in the great siege, 250 Turks, the— Before 1326: Turkish auxiliaries in Greek army, and in Rocafert's Catalan band 47 sq; their invasion of Europe, 53 ; origin and characteristics of the first hordes, 54 sqq. ; how they became Mahometans, 56 ; relations with Greek Christians in 1267, ib. ; per- manent characteristics of Turkish race, 57 sq. ; domestic life, 59 ; a con- stant stream of immigrants from Central Asia westward, ib. ; their conquests were followed by settle- ment, but their nomadic character has remained, 60 ; their early chiefs, ib. ; first attacks upon Greek empire, 61 ; entry into Europe (1306-07), 62 ; progress in Asia Minor, ib. ; other Turkish invaders attack Russia, Poland, and Hungary, 63 ; capture of Brousa (1326), 64 ; their advance and successes under Orchan and his immediate successors, 98 sqq., 103 sqq., 107 sqq. Turks, the — After Timour : speedy recovery of their influence and territory after Timour's death, 114, 155 ; their marvellous success over armies of Central Europe, 130 ; their prowess and methods in battle, 135 ; in 1402 they had possession of all outside the walls of Constanti- nople, 137 ; deterioration of their armies under Bajazed, 147 ; enter Bosnia (1415), 151 ; their increased numbers in Europe, 155 ; system of establishing military colonies in conquered territories, 189 Turks, the — At the Siege : details of their forces, 222 sqq. ; marvellous discipline and mobility of troops, 229 ; their methods of fighting, 230 ; Europeans among them, 231 ; constitution of Mahomet II.'s fleet, 232 sq. ; number and size of its vessels, 233 n. ; disposition of besiegers' army, 243 ; duties of the fleet, 244 ; the batteries of cannon, 244 sq. ; arms and equipment of the men, 251; their skill in use of cannon, 252; a naval battle, 257 sqq. ; tactics and manner of fighting 262, 269 ; Turks murder captives, 283 ; failure of attempts at under- mining walls, 291, 295 ; results of six weeks of siege, 298 ; ardour for final assault, 321 ; their fusiliers, 325 ; failure of first attacks, 335 sq. ; the great assault by Janissaries, 340 sqq. ; Turks enter the city through a neglected postern, 342 ; final charge, 348 ; the city captured, 350 ; failure of fleet's operations, 359 Turks, the — After the Capture : Turks' treatment of the people, .361 ; a morning's massacre, 362 ; plunder organised : atrocities of looters, 364 sqq. ; innumerable books des- troyed or sold, in mockery, for pence or even farthings, 367 ; not a few Christian renegades among the Turks, 368; their military re- putation enormously increased by the capture, 415 ; extension of their power by sea and land, 416 ; their piracy and slave trade, ib. ; utter degradation of Constantinople, 417 ; treatment of Christians as mere chattels, ib. ; impoverishment due to Turks' contempt for industry and commerce, 418 ; injury they did to religion and learning, 420; Turks' treatment of women and marriage, 422 n. ; Turkish misrule, 424 ; the conquest had little effect on mass of Turkish population, 425 ; their reli- gious intolerance only virulent at in- tervals, ib. ; only in the art of war have Turks benefited by their neigh- bours' example, 426; present con- ditions of Christian nations in the vicinity of Turkey, 427 Uglisha, son of Krai Stephen, 105 Union of Orthodox and Roman Churches : details of the strife over, 31 sqq. ; the question revived by Andronicus III., 69 sq. ; Canta- cuzenus, 75, 81 sq. ; Anne of Savoy and John V., 89, 91 ; Western misconceptions about Orthodox Church, 116 ; statement of position of Easterns, 166 sqq. ; Csesaro- papism, 117 ; the position of the popes and the Westerns, 118 sq. ; the great effort at Reunion (1429) : details of its progress, 120 sqq. ; decree signed at Council of Florence (1439), 127; disillusionment of Greeks, ib ; variations in copies of Decree of Union, 128 and n. ; its formal completion demanded by Nicholas V. as condition of aid given to Constantine XI., 202 ; the Reconciliation service in Hagia Sophia (Dec. 1452), 203 sq. ; dis-
