ANAXIMANDKR. ANAXILA'QS ('Ava^iXaos), a physician and Pythagorean philosopher, was bom at Larissa, but at which city of that name is not certain. He was banished by the Emperor Augustus from Rouie and Italy, u. c. 28, on account of his being ac- cused of being a magician (Kuseb. Cliruii. ud Oliimp. clxxxviii.), which charge, it appears, ori- ginated in his possessing superior skill in natural philosophy, and thus performing by natural means certain wonderfid things, which by the ignorant and credulous were ascribed to magic. These tricks are mentioned by St. Irenaeus (i. 13. § 1, p. GO, ed. Paris, 1710) and St. Epiphaniiis i^Adv. Hueres. lib. i. torn. iii. Hacr. 14, vol. i. p. 232. cd. Colon. I()ij2), and several specimens are given by Pliuy (//. A'^ xix. 4, xxv. 95, xxviii. 49, xxxii. 52, XXXV. 50), which, however, need not be here men- tioned, as some are quite incredible, and the others mav be easily explained. (Cagnati, Variae Obserrut. iii.'lO, p. 213, &c., ed. Rom. 1587.) [W. A. G.] ANAXI'LIDKS ('Am|iM'877y). a Greek writer, of uncertain date, the author of a work upon philo- sophers. (Diog Laert. iii. 2; Hieron. c.Jovhi. 1.) ANAXIMANDKR {'^va^ifxavopos) of Mile- tus, the son of Praxiades, born b. c. 610 (Apollod. ap. Diog. Laert. ii. 1, 2), was one of the earliest philosophers of the Ionian school, and is commonly said to have been instructed by his friend and countr'man Thales, its first founder. (Cic. Acad. ii. 37 ; Simplic. in Aristot. Phys. lib. i. fol. 6, a, ed. Aid.) He was the first author of a philosophical treatise in Greek prose, unless Pherecydes of Syrns be an exception. (Themist. Orut. xxvi.) His work cousisted, according to Diogenes, of summary statements of his opinions {ireiroirTai KC(paaia>Br] TTjc fKdeaiv)^ and was accidentally found by Apollodonis. Suidas gives the titles of several treatises supposed to have been written by him ; but they are evidently either invented, or derived from a misunderstanding of the expressions of earlier writers. The early Ionian philosophy did not advance beyond the contemplation of the sensible world. But it was not in any proper sense experimental ; nor did it ret<iin under the successors of Thales the mathematical character which seems to liave belonged to him individually, and which so re- markably distinguished the contemporary Italian or Pythagorean school. (Comp. Cousin, Hist, de la Phil. Lee. vii.) The physiology of Anaximander consisted chiefly of speculations concerning the generation of the existing universe. He first used tlie word apxr} to denote the origin of things, or rather the material out of which they were formed : lie held that this cipx') was the infinite (to aireipov), everlasting, and divine { Anst. Phi/s. iii. 4), though not attributing to it a spiritual or intelligent nature; and that it was the substance into which all things were resolved on their dissolution. (Simplic. /. c.) We have sevend more particular accounts of his opinions on this point, but they differ materially from each other. According to some, the d-n-eipov was a single determinate substance, having a middle nature between water and air; so that Anaximander's theory would hold a middle place between those of Thales and Anaximenes, who deduced everything from the two latter elements respectively ; and the three systems would exhibit a gradual progress from the contemplation of the sensible towards ANAXIMANDER. 165 that of the intelligible (compare the doctrine of Anaximenes concerning air, Plut. de Pluc. Phil. i. 3), the litst step of which was afterwards to be taken by Anaxagoras in the introduction of vov%. Rut this opinion cannot be distinctly traced in any author earlier than Alexander of Aphrodisias {ap. Simpl. P//7/S. fol. 32, a.), though Aristotle seems to allude to it (de Cocl. iii. 5). Other ac- counts represent Anaximander as leaving the nature of the dnfipov indfiterminatc. (Diog. Laert. /. c. ; Simplic. P/iJ/s. fol. (), a ; Plut. Plac. PL i. 3.) l>ut Aristotle in another place {Metaph. xi. 2), and Theophrastus {ap. Simpl. Phys. fol. 6, b, 33, a), who speaks very definitely and seerns to refer. to Anaximander's own words, describe him as resem- bling Anaxagoras in making the direipou consist of a mixture of simple unchangeable elements (the oixoioixepi] of Anaxagoras). Out of this material all things were organized, not by any change in its nature, but by the concurrence of homogeneous particles already existing in it ; a process which, according to Anaxagoras, was effected by the agency of intelligence {vovs whilst Anaximander referred it to the conflict laetween heat and cold, and to the affinities of the particles. (Plut. ap. Euscb. Praep. Evany, i. 8.) Thus the doctrines of both philosophers would resemble the atomic theory, and so be opposed to the opinions ot Thales, Anaximenes, and Diogenes of Apollonia, who derived all substances from a single but changeable principle. And as the elemental water of Thales corresponded to the ocean, from which Homer makes all things to have sprung, so the diTiipou of Anaximander, including all in a con- fused unorganized state, would be the philosophical expression of the Chaos of Hesiod. (Ritter, art. A7ia.rima7ider, in Ersch and Gruber's EncycL) In developing the consequences of his funda- mental hypothesis, whatever that may really have been, Anaximander did not escape the extrava- gances into which a merel' speculative system of physics is sure to. fall. He held, that the earth was of a cylindrical form, suspended in the middle of the universe, and surrounded by water, air, and fire, like the coats of an onion ; but that the ex- terior stratum of fire was broken up and collected into masses ; whence the sun, moon, and stars ; which, moreover, were carried round by the three spheres in which they were respectively fixed. (Euseb. I.e.; Plut. de Plac. ii. 15, IG ; Arist. de Coel.-x. 13.) According to Diogenes, he thought that the moon borrowed its light from the sun, and that the latter body consisted of pure fire and was not less than the earth ; but the statements of Plutarch {dePlac. ii. 20, 25) and Stobaeus {Eel. i. 26, 27) are more worthy of credit ; namely, that he made the moon 19 and the sun 28 times as large as the earth, and thought that the light of the sun issued through an orifice as large as the earth ; that the moon possessed an intrinsic splendour, and that its phases were caused by a motit)n of rotation. For his theory of the original production of ani- mals, including man, in water, and their gradual progress to the condition of land animals, see Plut. de Pluc. V. 19; Euseb. /. c. ; Plut. Sympos. viii. 8 ; Orig. Phil. c. 6 ; and compare Died. i. 7. He held a plurality of worlds, and of gods ; but in what sense is not clear. (Cic. de Nat. Dear. i. 10; Plut. de Plac. i. 7.) The use of the Gnomon was first introduced
