CRASSUS. IdlenftM, and calculated ratlier to encourage effron- tery than to sharpen intellect. lie thought that the latins in almost every valuable acquirement excelled the Greeks, and was displeased to see his countrymen stoop to an inferior imitation of Gre- cian customs The censors suppressed the schools by a proclamation, which may be found in the Dialogue de Oratonbus and in Gellius (xv. IJ), and deserves to be referred to as an example of the fttrra of a censorian edict. Though the two cen- sors concurred in this measure, they were men of vory different habits and tempers, and passed the period of their office in strife and discord, Crassus was fond of elegance and luxury. He had a house upon the Palatium, which, though it yielded in magnificence to the mansion of Q. Catulus upon the siime hill, and was considerably inferior to that of ('. Aquilius upon the Viminal, was remarkable for its size, the taste of its fiuniture, and the beauty of its grounds. It was adorned with pillars of Ilyniettian marble, with expensive vases, and tri- clinia inlaid with brass. He had two goblets, carved by the hand of Mentor, which served rather for ornament than for use. His gardens were provided with fish-ponds, and some noble lotus- trees shaded his walks with their ample foliage. Ahenobarbus, his colleague, found fault with such corruption of manners (Plin. H. N. xvii, 1), esti- mated his house at a hundred million (sester- iium millies)^ or according to Valerius Maximus (ix. I. § 4) six million {sexagies sestertio) sester- ces, and complained of his crying for the loss of a lamprey, as if it had been a daughter. It was a time lamprey, which used to come at the call of Crassus, and feed out of his hand. Crassus made a public speech against his colleague, and by his great powers of ridicule, turned him into derision ; jested upon his name (Sueton. A'ero, 2), and to the accusation of weeping for a lamprey, replied, that it was more than Ahenobarbus had done upon the loss of any of his three wives. (Aelian, Hist. Anim. viii. 4.) On many occasions, he availed himself of his power of exciting a laugh against his opponent (Cic. de Or. ii. 59, 60, 70), and was not scrupulous as to the mode. Thus, though he care- fully avoided everything that might impair his own dignity, and might seem to his audience to savour of buffoonery, he sometimes jested upon personal deformities, as may be seen by reference to his sally upon L. Aelius Lamia in his speech for C. Aculeo (Cic. de Or. ii.65), and his answer to the trouble- some witness, as reported by Pliny. {H.N. xxxv. 4.) Shortly before his death, he spoke in favour of Cn. Plancus in opposition to the charge of M. Junius Brutus the Accuser. [Brutus, No. 14.] Brutus, in allusion to his fine house and effeminate manners, called him the Palatine Venus, and taunted him with political inconsistency for de- preciating the senate in his speech for the Nar- bonese colony, and flattering that body in his speech for the lex Ser>'ilia. The successful repai"- tee of Crassus is well known from being recorded by Cicero {de Oral. ii. 54, pro Cluent. S) and Quintilian (vi. 3. § 44). His last speech wns dt'Iivered in the senate in B. c. 91, against L. Mar- cius Philippus, the consul, an enemy of the opti- mates. Philippus, in opposing the measures tf M. Livius Drusus, impnidently asked how, with such a senate, it was possible to carry on the go- vfniment of the commonwealth. Crassus fi-red upon this expression, and on that day s-jemed to CRASSUS. 881 excel himself in the vehemence of his assault upon the consul. Philippus was so irritated by his bitter words, that he ordered his lictor to seize some of the goods of Crassus by way of pledge, — a strong measure, adopted usually by the highest magistrates to constrain the performance of public duties, or to punish contumacious contempt ot public authority. Crassus repelled the lictor, and said that he could not respect the chanicter of con- sul in a man who refused to treat him as a senator. "If you want to restrain me, it will not do to seize my goods.* You must tear out this tongue. Even then, with my very breath I will continue to denounce your lawless conduct." At his dicta- tion a vote of the senate was passed by which they vindicated their own patriotism; but the passionate vehemence of this contention shattered his health and brought on a fever. He returned to his dwelling, was seized with a shivering fit, and in seven days was dead. Such was the end of one of the greatest orators that Rome ever produced. In an age abounding with orators he stood pre-eminent. (Veil. Pat. ii. 9.) The rougher style of Coruncanius, Cato, and the Gracchi, had been succeeded by a medium style, which, without sacrificing strength to artificial rules, was more polished and ornamented. His sentences were short and well-turned. In debate he was self-possessed and pertinacious, and his lively wit gave a peculiar zest to his reply. He employed words in common use, but he always em- ployed the best and most proper words. His mode of stating his facts and arguments was wonderfully clear and concise. Though peror- naius, he was perbrevis. In early life he had dis- ciplined his taste by the excellent practice of care- fully translating into Latin the most celebrated specimens of Grecian eloquence. In the treatise De Oratore, Cicero introduces him as one of the principal speakers, and he is understood to express Cicero's own sentiments. Few of his speeches were preserved in writing, and of those few the greater part, if we may judge from the fragments that remain, consisted of senatorial orations and harangues to the people. His chief excellence seems to have lain in this style rather than in ju- dicial oratory ; yet, in the judgment of Cicero, he was eloqueniium jurvsperitinsimus. (Guil. Grotius, de Vit. JCtorum^ i. 7. $ 9 ; Meyer, Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta., pp. 291 — 317 ; Drumann, Gesch. Roms. iv. p. 62.) 24 and 25. Licima. [Licixia.] 26. L. LiciNius Crassus Scipio, grandson of Crassus the orator [No. 23], one of whose daugh- ters married his father P. Scipio Nasica, who was praetor, b. c. 94, His grandfather, having no son, adopted him by his testament, and made him heir to his property. (Cic. Brut. 58 ; Plin. //. N, xxxiv. 3. s. 8.) 27. LiciMus Crassus Dives, of uncertain pedigree, was praetor in B. c. 59, when L. Vet- tius was accused before him of conspiracy against the life of Pompey. (Cic. ad Att. ii. 24. $ 2.)
- " Non tibi ilia sunt caederida.'* (Cic. de Or,
iii. 1.) Caedenda here implies seizure not sale. It is probable that, as a symbol of taking legal possession, the oflicer strude the goods, or marked them with notches, and that the ceremony was analogous to the vianus injcclio in personal arrest* 3 L
