GREGORAS. ducted by John, archbishop of Heracleia, but, having been sent to Constantinople, he was placed under the care of John Glycis, patriarch of Con- stantinople. [Glycis.] He learned mathematics and astronomy from Theodoras Metochita, the writer. At an early age Gregoras, Avho had taken orders, became acquainted with the emperor An- dronicus I., the elder, who took a great fancy to him, and offered him the important place of Char- tophylax, or keeper of the imperial archives, but the modest young priest declined the office, on the plea of youth He afterwards, however, accepted several offices of importance, and in 1326 was sent as am- bassador to the Krai, that is, the king of Servia. Gregoras was still very young, when he became celebrated for his learning. A dispute having arisen as to the day on which Easter was to be ce- lebrated, Gregoras, in an excellent dissertation, proved that the system then adopted for computing that day was erroneous, and proposed another me- thod. If it had not been for the fear which the clergy entertained of exciting the superstitious mob of Constantinople by a reform of the calendar, the computation of Gregoras would have been adopted by the Greek church. When pope Gregory XIII., 300 years afterwards, reformed the calendar, it was found that the computation of Gregoras was quite right : the treatise which he wrote on the subject is still extant, and highly appreciated by astronomers. Being a staunch adherent of the elder Andronicus, Gregoras was involved in the fate of this unfortunate emperor, when he was de- posed, in 1 328, by his grandson, Andronicus III., the younger, who punished the learned favourite of his grandfather by confiscating his property. For a few years after that event Gregoras led a retired life, only appearing in public for the purpose of de- livering lectures on various subjects, which were crowned with extraordinary success. The violence of his language, however, caused him many ene- mies. In 1332 he pronounced funeral orations on the emperor Andronicus the elder, and the Magnus Logotheta, Theodoras Metochita, mentioned above. He opposed the union of the Greek and Latin churclies proposed by pope John XXII., who had eent commissioners for that object to Constanti- nople. An excellent opportunity for exhibiting his learning and oratorical qualities presented itself to Gregoras, when the notorious Latin monk Barlaam came over from Calabria to Constantinople, for the purpose of exciting dissensions among the Greek clergy. Barlaam had reason to expect complete success, when his career was stopped short by Gre- goras, who challenged the disturber to a public disputation, in which Barlaam was so completely defeated, that, in his shame and confusion, he retired to Thessaloneica, and never more appeared in the capital. The dissensions, however, occasioned by Barlaam had a most injurious influence upon the peace of the Greek church, and caused a revo- lution, which ended most unfortunately for Gre- goras. Gregorius Palamas, afterwards archbishop of Thessalonica, espoused the dogmas of Barlaaii. • he was opposed by Gregorius Acindynus, and hence arose the famous controversy between the Palamites and Acindynites. This quarrel, like most disputes on religious matters in the Byzantine empire, as- sumed a political character. Gregoras resolved to remain neutral : his prudence ruined him, because, as his violent temper was known, be became sus- pected by both parties. Palamas, having been VOL. IL GREGORAS. 305 condemned by the synod of 1815, the victorious Acindynites were going to sacrifice Gregoras to their suspicions, but he was protected by John Cantacuzenus, afterwards emperor, who during a long time had professed a sincere friendship for him. A short time afterwards the Acindynites were condemned in their turn, and the Palamitea became the ruling party ; they were joined by John Cantacuzenus, and this time Gregoras did not escape the resentment of the victors, though his only crime was neutrality. Abandoned by Cantacuzenus, he was imprisoned in 1331. He was afterwards released ; but his enemies, among whom his former friend Cantacuzenus was most active, rendered him odious to the people, and when he died, in, or probably after, 1359, his re- mains were insulted by the mob. Gregoras wrote a prodigious number of works on history, divinity, philosophy, astronomy, several panegyrics, some poems, and a considerable number of essays on miscellaneous subjects : a list of them is given by Schopen in the Bonn edition of the History of Gregoras, and by Fabricius, who also gives a list of several hundred authors perused and quoted by Gregoras. The principal work of our author is his 'PwfxaiKijs 'laropias Aoyoi, com- monly called Historia Byzantina, in thirty-eight books, of which, as yet, only twenty-four are printed. It begins with the capture of Constan- tinople by the Latins in 1 204, and goes down to 1 359 ; the twenty-four printed books contain the period from 1204 to 1351. The earlier part of that period is treated with comparative brevity ; but as the author approaches his own time, he enters more into detail, and is often diffuse. This history ought to be read together with that of John Cantacuzenus : they were at first friends, but after- wards enemies, and each of them charges the other with falsehood and calumnies. Each of them re- presents events according to his own views, and their exaggerated praises of their partizans deserve as little credit as their violent attacks of their ene- mies. Gregoras was more learned than John Can- tacuzenus, but the latter was better able to pass a judgment upon great historical facts. One cannot Jielp smiling at seeing Gregoras, who was ambitious of nothing more than the name of a great philo- sopher, forget all impartiality and moderation as soon as the presumed interest of his party is at stake : his philosophy was in his head, not in his heart. His style is, generally speaking, bombas- tic, diffuse, full of repetitions of facts as well as of favourite expressions : he is fond of narrating matters of little importance with a sort of artificial elegance, and he cannot inform the reader of great events without an additional display of pompous words spun out into endless periods. Like most of his contcmporjiries, he mixes politics with theo- logy. These are his defects. We are indebted to him, however, for the care he has taken in making posterity acquainted with an immense number of facts referring to that period of Byzantine history when the Greek empire was still to be saved from ruin by a cordial understanding, both in political and religious matters, with the inhabitants of Europe. It is said that Frederic Rostgaard published the History of Gregoras, with a Latin translation, in 1559, but this is a mistake ; at least, nobody has seen this edition. The editio princeps is the one published by Hieronymus Wolf, Basel, 1562, fol., X
