HISTIAEUS. Brmy had crossed the Danube. Sixty days had been assigned by the Persian king as the period of his absence, marked by as many knots tied in a rope, one of which was to be untied daily. When the time had passed, and the Persians did not appear, being still engaged in a vain pursuit of the Scy- thians, the lonians took counsel about their return. The proposal of Miltiades, the Athenian, to destroy the bridge, and leave the Persians to their fate, would have occasioned the certain destruction of Dareius and his army, had not Histiaeus persuaded his countrymen, the rulers of the Greek cities on the Hellespont and in Ionia, not to take a step which would lead to their own ruin, depending as they did upon the Persians for support against the democratic parties in their respective cities. De- ceiving the Scythians by professing to fall in with their wishes, and to be anxious for the destruction of Dareius, the wily Greek persuaded them to de- part in search of him, making a show of destroying the bridge by removing the part of it next Scy- thia. When the Persians, retreating from their rmsuccessful march, returned to the Danube, where they happened to arrive after nightfall, they were naturally alarmed lest the Greeks should have de- serted them, until an Egyptian, noted in the army for his loud voice, was ordered to shout out the name of Histiaeus of Miletus, who, hearing the call, made all speed to transport them to the safe side of the river. Dareius never forgot tliis signal service. On his return to Sardis Histiaeus was rewarded with the rule of Mytilene. Histiaeus, already in possession of Miletus, asked and obtained a district on the Strymon, in Thrace, where, leaving Miletus under the charge of his kinsman, Aristagoras, he built a town called Myrcinus, apparently with a view of establishing an independent kingdom. The spot was well chosen, as the neighbouring country was rich in tin ore and silver mines : but he was not allowed to carry his designs into execution. Me- gabazus, a Persian officer, whom Dareius had left in Europe to complete the conquest of Thrace, ad- vised the king to recal his promise, and not to allow an able and crafty man, like Histiaeus, to raise a formidable power within the empire. His- tiaeus followed Dareius reluctantly to Susa, where he was detained for thirteen years, till the out- break of the Ionian revolt, kindly treated, but pro- hibited from returning. On the news of the burning of Sardis by the Athenians (b, c. 499) [Aristagoras], whom Aristagoras had induced to send help to their kinsmen of Ionia, Dareius charged Histiaeus with being a party to the revolt. His suspicions were correct : Histiaeus had encouraged Aristagoras in his design, employing a singular expedient to escape detection. He had shaved the head of one of his slaves, branded his message on the skin, and sent him to Aristagoras, after the hair had grown, with the direction to shave it off again, A revolution in Ionia might lead, he hoped, to his release : and his design succeeded. It is un- accountable that Dareius should have been so easily deceived : yet he suffered Histiaeus to de- part, on his engaging to reduce Ionia, and to make Sardinia, which he described as an important island, tributary to the Persians. On his arrival at Sardis he found that the revolt had not succeeded : the Athenians had declined to Bend fresh succour, and the Ionian cities were HOLMUS. 499 being reduced again, Artaphemes, satrap of Sardis, showed himself less credulous than Dareius : " It was you that stitched the shoe," he said to His- tiaeus, "• which Aristagoras did but wear." His- tiaeus, in alarm, had recourse to the Chians, whom he with difficulty persuaded to receive him : then, imposing upon the lonians, who regarded him with distnist, by a crafty story that Dareius meant to remove them to Phoenicia, after the fashion of Eastern conqiu^rors, he began to intrigue with some Persians in Sardis, who were willing to listen to his proposals. Artaphemes discovered the plot, and put the Persians to death : upon which Histiaeus, after in vain trying to persuade the inhabitants of Miletus to receive him back again, succeeded at length in raising a small force in Lesbos, with which he proceeded to Byzantium, still in revolt, and seized all vessels sailing from the Euxine that refused to acknowledge him as their master. On the reduction of Miletus (b. c. 494), the most im- portant step in the second conquest of Ionia, His- tiaeus made a bold attempt to establish himself in the islands of the Aegean, and actually succeeded in taking possession of Chios after some resistance, the inhabitants having lost nearly all their forces at the battle of Lade. Thasos might have fallen under him also, when the news that the Phoeni- cian fleet, having assisted in conquering Miletus, was sailing northwards to complete the conquest of Ionia and Aeolis, induced him to return to Lesbos. Hence he made a descent on the opposite coast, to ravage the plain of the Caicus and Atarnea, but was defeated and taken prisoner by a troop of Persian cavalry under Harpagus, He would have been slain in the pursuit had he not called out in Per- sian that he was Histiaeus of Miletus, hoping that his life would be spared. If he had fallen into Dareius's hands, it would have been so : but Har- pagus and Artaphemes caused him to be put to death by impalement, and sent his head to the king. Dareius received it with sorrow, and buried it honourably, blaming the haste of his officers : no injury could make him forget that he had once owed to Histiaeus his army, his kingdom, and his life. The adventurous history of Histiaeus does not show any signs of his having possessed great or noble qualities of mind. Attachment to his country is the only pleasing trait in his character j and even this is mixed up with motives of a lower kind. Personal ambition is the only reason given for his saving the army of Dareius ; and afterwards it was selfish motives, not true patriotism, that led both Aristagoras and himself to bring down the vengeance of the Persians upon his country. In policy and dissimulation he was undoubtedly well skilled, and not deficient in daring. The attach- ment of Dareius to him is more striking than any qualities in his own character. (Herod, iv. 137, 138, 141, v. 11, 23, 24, 30, 35, 105—107, vi. I— 5, 26—30 ; Polyaen. i. 24 ; Tzetz. CM. iii. 512. ix. 228 ; Gell. xvii. 9.) [C. E. P,] HI'STORIS ('lo-Top s), a daughter of Teiresias, and engaged in the service of Alcraene. By her cry that Alcmene had already given birth, she induced the Pharmacides to withdraw, and thus enabled her mistress to give birth to Heracles. (Pans. ix. 11. § 2.) Some attribute this firiendly act to Galinthias, the daughter of Proetus of Thebes. [Galinthias.] [L. S.] HOLMUS ("OA/ioy), a son of Sisyphus, and fjither of Minyas. He was believed to have K K 2
