Polybius (iii. 76: coins, ap. Sestini, pp. 132, 163; Num. Goth.). [ P. S. ]
IA′DERA (Ἰάδερα, Ptol. iii. 16. § 10; Ἰάδαρα, Nicet. p. 348; Iadera, Plin. iii. 26; Iader, Pomp. Mela, ii. 3. § 13; Pent. Tab.; Geog. Rav.; on the orthography of the name see Tzchucke, ad Melam, l.c. vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 275: Eth. Iadertinus, Hirt. B. A. 42. Zara), the capital of Liburnia in Illyricum. Under Augustus it was made a Roman colony. ("Parens coloniae," Inscr. ap. Farlati, Illyr. Sacr., vol. v. p. 3; comp. Ptol. l.c.) Afterwards it bore the name of Diodora, and paid a tribute of 110 pieces of gold to the Eastern emperors (Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. 30), until it was handed ovey, in the reign of Basil the Macedonian, to the Slavonic princes. Zara, the modern capital of Dalmatia, and well known for the famous siege it stood against the conibined French and Venetians, at the beginning of the Fourth Crusade (Gibbon, c. lx.; Wilken, die Kreuzz. vol. v. p. 167), stands upon the site of Iadera. Little remains of the ancient city; the sea-gate called Porta di San Chrysogono is Roman, but it seems likely that it has been brought from Aenona. The gate is a single arch with a Corinthian pilaster at each side supporting an entablature.
Eckhel (vol. ii. p. 152) doubts the evidence of any coins of Iadera, though some have been attributed to it by other writers on numismatics. (Sir G. Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro, vol. i. p. 78; J. F. Neigebaur, Die Sudslaven, pp. 181-191.) [ E. B. J. ]
IADO′NI, a people in the extreme NW. of Hispania Tarraconensis, mentioned only by Pliny, who places them next to the Arrotrebae. (Plin. iv. 20. s. 34.) [ P. S. ]
IAETA or IETAE (Ἰεταί, Steph. B.: Eth.Ἰεταῖος, Id.; but Diodorus has Ἰαιτῖνος, and this is confirmed by coins, the legend of which is uniformly Ἰαιτῖνων, Eckhel, vol. i. p. 216: in Latin, Cicero has Ietini, but Pliny Ietenses), a town of the interior of Sicily, in the NW. of the island, not very far from Panorinus. It was mentioned by Philistus (ap. Steph. B. s.v.) as a fortress, and it is called by Thucydides also (if the reading Ἰετάς be admitted, in vii. 2) a fortress of the Siculians (τεῖχος τῶν Σικελῶν), which was taken by Gylippus on his march from Himera through the interior of the island towards Syracuse. It first appears as an independent city in the time of Pyrrhus, and was attacked by that monarch on account of its strong position and the advantages it offered for operations against Panormus; but the inhabitants readily capitulated. (Diod. xxii. 10, p. 498.) In the First Punic War it was occupied by a Carthaginian garrison, but after the fall of Panormus drove out these troops and opened its gates to the Romans. (Id. xxiii. 18, p. 505.) Under the Roman government it appears as a municipal town, but not one of much importance. The Ietini are only noticed in passing by Cicero among the towns whose lands had been utterly ruined by the exactions of Verres; and the Ietenses are enumerated by Pliny among the "populi stipendiarii" of the interior of Sicily. (Cic. Verr. iii. 43; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14.) Many MSS. of Cicero read Letini, and it is probable that the Λῆτον of Ptolemy (iii. 4. § 15) is only a corruption of the same name.
The position of Iaeta is very obscurely intimated, but it appears from Diodorus that it was not very remote from Panormus, and that its site was one of great natural strength. Silius Italicus also alludes to its elevated situation ("celsus Ietas," xiv. 271).
IALYSUS.
Fazello assures us that there was a mediaeval fortress called Iato on the summit of a lofty mountain, about 15 miles from Palermo, and 12 N. of Entella, which was destroyed by Frederic II. at the same time with the latter city; and this he supposes, probably enough, to be the site of Iaeta. He says the mountain was still called Monte di Iato, though more commonly known as Monte di S. Cosmano, from a church on its summit. (Fazell. x. p. 471; Amic. Lex. Top. Sic. vol. ii. p. 291.) The spot is not marked on any modern map, and does not appear to have been visited by any recent travellers. The position thus assigned to Iaeta agrees well with the statements of Diodorus, but is wholly irreconcilable with the admission of Ἰετάς into the text of Thucydides (vii. 2): this reading, however, is a mere conjecture (see Arnold's note), and must probably be discarded as untenable. [ E. H. B. ]
COIN OF IAETA.
JAEZER (Ἰαζήρ, LXX.; Ἰαζήρ and Ἀσώρ, Euseb.), a city of Gilead, assigned to the tribe of Gad by Moses. In Numbers (xxxii. 1), "the land of Jazer" is mentioned as contiguous to "the land of Gilead, and suited to cattle." In Jeremiah (xlviii. 32), "the sea of Jazer" occurs in some versions, as in the English; but Reland (s.v. p. 825) justly remarks, that this is not certain, as the passage may be pointed after the word "sea," and "Jazer," as a vocative, commence the following clause. But as the land of Jazer is used for the country south of Gilead, so the Dead Sea may be designated "the sea of Jazer." Eusebius (Onomast.s.v.Ἀσώρ) places it 8 miles west of Philadelphia or Ammon; and elsewhere (s.v.Ἰασήρ), 10 miles west of Philadelphia, and 15 from Esbon (Heshbon). He adds, that a large river takes its rise there, which runs into the Jordan. In a situation nearly corresponding with this, between Szalt and Esbus, Burckhardt passed some ruins named Szyr, where a valley named Wady Szyr takes its rise and runs into the Jordan. This is doubtless the modern representative of the ancient Jazer. "In two hours and a half (from Szalt) we passed, on our right, the Wady Szyr, which has its source near the road, and falls into the Jordan. Above the source, on the declivity of the valley, are the ruins called Szyr." (Syria, p. 364.) It is probably identical wth the Γάζωρος of Ptolemy which he reckons among the cities of Palestine on the east of the Jordan (v. 16). [ G. W. ]
IA′LYSUS Ἰάλυσος, Ἰάλυσσος, or Ἰήλυσσος: Eth.Ἰαλύσσιος), one of the three ancient Doric cities in the island of Rhodes, and one of the six towns constituting the Doric hexapolis. It was situated only six stadia to the south-west of the city of Rhodes, and it would seem that the rise of the latter city was the cause of the decay of Ialysus; for in the time of Strabo (xiv. p. 655) it existed only as a village. Pliny (v. 36) did not consider it as an independent place at all, but imagined that Ialysus was the ancient name of Rhodes. Orychoma, the citadel, was situated above Ialysus, and still existed in the time of Strabo. It is supposed by some that
