AQUITANIA. AQUITAIOA, AQUITATn CAjwTToyra, 'Airvi- '•£, Strab.). Caestr (£. 6. i. 1) makes Aqoi- tania one of the three dhiacns of the cmmtry which, be ceils Gaflie. The Gammna (^Garoime) divided the Aqiiitain from the Celtae or the GalH, as the Rmraiw called thenL. Aqmtaiua extended from the Ganrnma to the PTrenees: its western boondary was the occBB. Its boundaries are not more acca- rateh- <ftefiiied bj Caesar, who did not visit the coun- tiT nntfl B. a 50. (S. G. viii. 46.) In b. c. 56 be sent P. Crassus into Aqnitania with a force to |*cv«t the Aqaitani assisting the Galli (^B. G. iii. ll,20^&c.); and he infonns ns incidental^ fliat the towns of Toloea {Touhtue)^ Carcase (^Cercaa- seae), and Naibo (JVar6oiMi«) were included within the Roman Gallia Provinda, and thns enables ns to fix the eastern boondaiy of Aqnitania at this tame within certain limits. A large part of the Aqui- lam snbcnitted to Crassns. Finally all the cities of AqoiUnia gave Caesar hostages. {B. G. viiL 46.) A^Qsttts, B. c. 27, made a new division of Gallia into four parts (Strab. pi 177); bat this division did sot ai^ct the eastern boundaiy of the Aqnitani, who were still divided as before fran the Celtae (who were indndcd in KarboneDsis) on the east by the heights oo the Cevemia {Cevennai); which range u staled by Strabo not qnite oonectly to extend fraa the Pyrenees to near Lyon. But Augustus e it aaled the boundaries of Aqnitania north of the Ganimna, by adding to Aqnitania fourteen tribes north of the Garonne. Under the Lower Empire Aqnitania was further subdivided. [Gallia.] The chief tribes included within the Aqnitania of Angnstns were these: Tarbelli, Cooosates, Bi« jEenioods, SSbozates, Preciani, Convenae, Ausd, Gaiites, Ganimni, Datii, SoUates, Osquidates Cara- pestRs, Sncaans, Tamsates, Vocates, Vasates, £lu- sates, Atnres, Bituri^ Vivisdi Moduli; north of the Ganrnma, the Petrooorii, Kitiobriges, Cadund, Bnteni, Gahali, Vellavi, Arvemi, Lemovices, San* tooo, Pictooes, Bituiiges Cubi. The Aqnitania of Aa»aiias comprehended all that countiy north of the Caromne which is boonded on the east by the ADier, and on the north by the Lovrt^ below the ioftxx a£ the AUier, and a large part of the Celtae were thus included in the division of Aqnitania. Stiabo indeed obeerves, that this new arrangement otcaded Aqmtania in one part even to the banks of tbe Shme, for it took in the Helvii. The name Aqui- tua was retained in the middle ages; and after the dimemhennent of the onpire of Charlemagne, Aqui- taoiafonned one of the three grand divisions of France, tbe other two being the France of that period in its jpnifter restricted sense, and Bretagne; and a king of Aqnitaine, whose power or whose pretensions extended frvn tlw Loire to the Pyrenees, was crowned at PoitienL (Thierry, Lettres sw VHistoire de France^ "So. xi.) But the geographical extent of the term Aqnitania was limited bj the invasions of the Ba/tqnM or Vascones, who settled between the Py- rEoees and the Garnnne, and gave their name Gas- cpi;ae to a part of the SW. of France. The name Aqnitania became corrupted into Gweime, a di- risioo of France up to 1789, and the lost trace of tbe aodent name erf* Aqnitania. The Aqnitani had neither the same language, nor Uie aame physical characters as the Celtae. (Ow^ B. (?. L 1 ; Strab. pp. 177, 189 ; Amm. Marc. XT. 11, who here merely copies Caesar.) In both tbeae leepeeta, Strabo says, that they resembled the Iberi, moro than the Celtae. When P. Crassus ARA UBIORUM. 173 invaded this country, the Aqnitani sent for and got assistance from their nearest neighbours in Spun, which, in some degree, confirms the opinion of their being of Iberian stoclc. When they opposed Crassus, they had for their king, or commander-in-chief, Adcantuaunus, who had about bim a body of 600 devoted men, called Soldurii, who were bound to one another not to survive if any ill ludc befel their friends. The Aqnitani were skilled in countermin-> log, for which operation they were qualified by working the minerals of their country. The com- plete reduction of the Aquitani was e^cted b. c. 28, by the proconsul M. Valerias Messalla, who had a triumph for his success. (Sueton. Aug. 21; Ap- pian. B, C, iv. 38; Tibnllns, ii. 1. 33.) As the Aquitani had a marked nationality, it was Roman pohcy to confound them with the Celtae, which was effected by the new division of Augustas. It has been conjectured that the name Aquitani is derived from tiie numerous mineral springs (aquae) which exist on the northern slope of the Pyrenees; which supposition implies that Aq is a native namo for " water." Pliny (iv. 19), when he enumerates the tribes of Aquitanica, speaks of a people called Aquitani, who gave their name to the whole coun- try. In another passage (iv. 17), he says, that Aquitanica was first called Armorica; which as- sertion may perhaps be reckoned among the blun- ders of this writer. [Armorica.] The Aquitania of Caesar comprised the fiat, dreary r^on south of the Garonne^ along the coast of the Atlantic, called Xes Landes, and the nu- merous valleys on the north face of the Pyi-ences, which are druned by the AdottTj and by some of the branches of the Garonne. The best part of it contained the modem departments of Basse* and Hautes PyrmSes. iq, L.] ARA LUGDUNENSI& [Lcgduhum.] ARA UBIOHUM, an altar and sacred pkce in the territory of the XJbii, on the west side of the Rhine. The priest of the place was a German. (Tacit, ^nn. i. 57.) This altar is first mentioned in the time of Tiberius. In a. d. 14, Germanicus was at the Ara XJbiorum, then the winter-qnartci-s of the first and twentieth legions, and of some Veteran!. (Tacit. Ann. i. 39.) In the time of Vespasian (Tacit. Hist. iv. 19, 25), Bonna (^Bonn), on the Rhine, is spoken cf as the winter-quarters of the first legion. As the winter-quarters seem to have been permanent stations, it is possible that the AraUbiorum and Bonna may be the same place. The Ara Ubiorum is placed, by Tacitus, sixty miles (sexa- gesimum apud lapidem, Ann, i. 45), from Vetera, the quarters of the fifth and twenty-first legions ; and Vetera is fixed by D'Anville at Xanten^ near the Rhine, in the former duchy of Cleves. This dis- tance measured along the road by the Rhine brings us about Bonn. The distance from Vetera to Co- logne^ which some writers would make the site of the Ara Ubiorum, is only about 42 Gallic leagues, the measure which D'Anville assumes that we must adopt If we go a few miles north of Bonn, to a small eminence named Godesberg, which may mean God's Hill, or Mons Sacer, we find that the distance firom Vetera is 57 Gallic leagues, and this will suit very well the 60 of Tacitus, who may have used round numbers. If we compare the passages of Tacitus (^Inn. i. 37, 39), it appears that he means the same place by the *' Civitas Ubiorum," and the " Ara Ubiorum." By combinmg these passages
