372 BAIAE. waters, upon which to erect their magnificeat palaces. (Hor. Carm. ii. 18. 20; Plin. Ep. ix. 7.) Baiae thus speedily became noted as an abode of indolence and luxury, and is indignantly termed by Seneca " diversorinm vitiorum," a place where all restraint was thrown off, and nothing was thought of but pleasure and dissipation. {Ep. L c). Statins also terms it Besides Baiae. (JSUv. iv. 7. 19.) Se- veral Roman emperors, in succession, foUo^^d the pn^vailing fashion, and erected splendid vUlas, or 'rather palaces, at Baiae. Nero seems to have re- garded it with especial favour, and it was in his villa here that he received his mother Agripjnna for the last time, immediately before she fell a Wctim to his designs upon her life. (Tac. Ami. xiv. 4, 5 ; Suet iVier. 34 : Joseph. Ant. xviii. 7. § 2.) Cali- gula also resided frequently at Baiae, and one of his most celebrated feats of extravagance was the con- struction of a temporary bridge across the bay from thence to Puteoli, which, though formed of boats, was covered with earth, and rendered passable both .for horsemen and chariots. Suetonius states that it was 3,600 paces in length, but the real distance across (whether measured from the CcuteUo di Baja, or from Bauli, which Dion Cassius makes the point of its commencement) is little more tiian two Roman miles. (Suet. CcU. 19 ; Dion Cass. lix. 17; Joseph. Ant. xix. 1. § 1.) It was at Baiae also that the emperor Hadrian died, and at a later period Alex- ander Severus erected several villas here on a splendid scale. (Spartian. Hadr. 25 ; Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 26.) It was, however, to its warm springs that Bsiae was first indebted for its celebrity; and these appear to have been frequented for medic^ purposes long be- fore the place became a fashionable resort. They are first mentioned by Livy under the name of the "aquae Cumanae" as early as B.c. 176 : and are celebrated by Lucretius. (Liv. xli. 16; Lucret. vL 747.) Pliny also speaks of them as surpassing all others in number and variety, some bdng sulphureous, others aluminous, acidulous, &c., so that their differmt properties rendered them efHcacious in all kinds of diseases. The establishments of Thermae for the use of them were numerous, and on a scale of the greatest splendour; and we learn from a letter of Cassiodorus that these continued in use as late as the 6th century. (Plin. xxxL 2; Flor. i. 16. § 4; Joseph. I. c. ; Cassiod. Var. ix. 6 ; Hor. Ep. L 15, 2—7; Stat. SUv. iii. 2. 17; Vitruv. ii. 6. § 2.) Though Baiae must have grown up under the Roman Empire into a considerable town, it never obtained the privileges of a separate Municipium, and continued for a31 such purposes to be dependent upon tlie poor and decayed city of Cumae, in the territory of which It was included. (Romanelli, vol iii. p. 512 ; Orell. Tnscr. 2263.) We have Httle information concerning it during the middle ages; but it appears to have fallen into n^lect, and gra^ dually became subject, as it still continues, to the noxious effects of the malaria. The modem CasteUo di Baja was erected in the reign of Charles V. ; but the name of Baja is still applied to the whole line of coast from thence to the Lncrine Lake. Both tiie coast itself and the ridge of hill above it are covered with detached ruins and fragments of ancient buildings, to which it is impossible to assign any name. C^e of the most conspicuous edifices near the sea-shore is commonly known as the Temple of Venus, who appears to have been the tutelary deity of the place (Mart. xi. 80. 1); but it is more BALBURA. probable that both this and the two other biuldings, called the Temples of Diana and Mercury, really belonged to Thermal establishments. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 514 ; lorio, Guida di Pogzuoli, pp. 129 — 136; Eustace's CUudcal Tour, Tol. ii. p. 410, &c.). [E,H.B.] BAIAE (Bofai: Bayai), a small place on the gulf of Issus, placed between Issus and the Cilician gates in the Antonine Itin. The site is identified by the name. *' At the site of the Baiae or baths of the Romans, there Is now a splendid Saracenic structure combinmg citadel, mosque, a covered bezestein, an elegant khan, and baths." (Alnsworth, Travels m the Track of the Ten Thousand, &c. p. 56.) Baiae may be a Roman name; but nothing appears to be known of its origin. [G. L.] BAIOCASSES, the name of a Celtic people men- tioned in the Notitia. Pliny (iv. 18) speaks of the " Viducasses, Bodiocasses, Unelli;" and the Bodio- casses are supposed to be the Baiocasses. The name Baiocassis occurs in Ausonins. (Com. Prof. Bnrd. iv. 7.) The modern name of Bayeux in the department of Calvados is supposed to represent the name Baiocasses. [Auoustodurus.] [G. L.] BALANEA (BaXayaia, Strab. xvi. p. 733 ; Bo- av4ai, Steph. B.; BaAai^aiat, Ptol. v. 15; BoXoyco, Hierocles; Balanea, Plin. v. 18; Eth. BoAavcwn^s, Belinas : Banias)^ a town of Syria subject to Aradus. (Strab. /. c.) It was situated 27 U. P. from Go- bala, and 24 M. P. from Antaradus. The Balneis of the Peutinger Tables, which is fixed at pretty nearly the same distance from Antaradus and Ga- bala, must be identified with Bakma. The name arose no doubt from the baths in the neighbourhood. For coins of Balanea both Autonomous, and belcmg- ing to the Empire, see Rasche (voL i. p. 1444) and Eckhel (vol. iii. p. 310). This city was pleasantly situated, &cing the sea to the N., and having the river Bamas on the S. and W. The foundations of a handsome church are still visible, and Roman re- mains cover the plain to some considerable extent* Near the sea are many granite columns, marking the site of some public building. To the £., on a low hill, ore what appear to be the ruins of the Acropolis. The name of a bishop of Balanea occurs in the acts of the Council of Nice, and it is men- tioned by the Crusaders under the name of V(dania. (Wilken, die Kreuz, vol. i. p. 255, ii. 596, iii. (2) 257.) It is now utterly deserted. (Pococke, Trav, vol. ii. pt 1. p. 200; Buckingham, Arab TribeSf p. 526 ; Thomson, Bibl. Sacra^ vol. v. p. 257 ; Chesney, Euphrat. Exped. vol. i. p. 452.) [£. B. J.] BALARI (BaXapoi), one of the tribes or nations who inhabited the interior of Sardinia. They aro mentioned both by Pliny and Strabo as one of the most considerable of the native races; the latter teUs us that they inhabited a mountunous district, dwelling principally in caves, and in common with' the other tribes of the interior raised but little pro- duce of their own, and subsisted in great measure by plundering the more fertile districts on the coast. (Plin. iiL 7. s. 13; Strab. v. p. 225.) According to Pausanias they derived their origin from a body of Afiican or Ibenian mercenaries in the service of the Carthaginians, who took refuge in the mountains and there maintained their independence: he adds, that the name of Balari signified " fugitives,*" in the Corsican language. (Pans. x. 17. § 9.) Their geographical position cannot be determined with any certainty. [E. H. B.] BALBU'RA (BdXSovpa: Eth, BaA^ovpci)^), a
