CAUDINL The Cancones are also mentioned amon^ the most ancient inhaUtants of Greece. (Strab. yii. p. 321.) As th^ disappeared in the historical period, little c»nld be known respecting them; bat according to the general opinion they were the most ancient in- habitants of that part of Peloponnesns, which was afterwards called Elis. Strabo says that they were a migratory Arcadian people, who settled in Elis, where they were divided into two principal tribes, of which one dwelt in Triphylia, and the other in Hollow Elis. The Utter extended as far as Dyme in Achaia, in the neighboorhood of which there was a tributary of the Teutheas bearing the name of Caacon. (Strab. yiii. pp. 342, 345, 353.) The Canoones in Triphylia are mentioned by Homer, and are called by Herodotna the Pylian Caucones. (Hom. Od. iii. 866 ; Herod, i. 147.) They were drivenout of Triphylia by the Minyae. (Herod, iv. 148.) CAUDFNX, a tribe of the Samnites bordering upon Campania. The name is evidently connected with that of the town of Candimn, which most pro- bably have been at one period the capital or chief city of the tribe. Bnt it seems certain that the ap- pellation was not confined to the citizens of Caudium and its immediate territory. Livy speaks in more than one passage of the Candini as a tribe or people, in the same terms as of the Hirpini (Marcellos ab Nola crebras excnrsiones in agmm Hirpinnm et Sanmitet Caudmot fecit, zxiii. 41 ; Caudimu Sam- nis gravios devastatos. Id. zxiv. 20), and Niebtihr aapposes them to have been one of the four tribes of which the Samnite confederacy was oompoeed. (Nieb. vol. i. p. 107, vol. ii p. 85.) This is, however, very doubtful, and it is remarkable that we find no men- tion of the Caadini as a separate tribe daring the wars of the Romans with the Samnites. Perhaps, however, they were inclnded as a matter of coarse, whenever tlra Samnites were mentioned, as their conntry must have been oontinnally the scene of hos- tiHties; and Velleias Patercolos (ii. 1) speaks of the Caudmi as the people with whom the treaty was ooncloded by the Romans after their defeat at the Forks, where Livy uniformly talks of the Samnites. It is impossible to determine with any accuracy the limits of their territory: the great monntain mass of the Tabumns, called by Gratins Faliscos {Cyneget. 509) ** Candinus Tabamus," was in the heart of it; and it is probable that it joined that of the Hirpini on the one side and of the Pontri on the other, while on the W. it bordered immediately on Campania. Bnt the name is not recognised by any of the geo- graphers as a general appellation, and appears to have &llen into disuse: the Caadini of Pliny (iii. 11. s. 16) are only the citizens of Caadiom. [E.H.B.] CAUDIUM (Ka^ioi': Eth, KavStros, Caudinus), a city of Samnium, situated on the road from Bene- ventum to Capua. It seems probable that it was in early times a phioe of unportance, and the capital or chief city of the tribe called the Candini ; but it bears only a secondary pbu» in history. It is first men- tioned daring the Second Samnite War, b.c. 321, when the Samnite army under C. Pontius encamped there, previous to the great disaster of the Romans in the neighbouring pass known as the Caadine Forks (Liv. ix. 2); and again, a few years later, as the head- quarters occapied by the Samnites, with a view of being at hand to watch the movements of the Campanians. (Id. ib. 27.) The town of Cau- dium is not mentioned during the Second Punic War, though the tribe of the Caadini is repeatedly alluded to [Cauddii] : Niebobr suppoaes the city to have CAUDIUM. 573 been destroyed by the Romans, in revenge for their great defeat in its neighbourhood; but there is no evidence for this. It reappears at a later period as a small town situated on the Appian Way, and ap- parently deriving its chief importance frcon the tran- sit of travellers (Hor. Sat. i. 5. 51 ; Strab. v. p. 249) : the same causes preserved it in existence down to the close of the Roman empire. (Ptol. iii. 1. § 67 ; Itin. AfU. p. Ill ; Itin, Hier, p. 610; Tab. PetU.) We learn that it received a colony of veterans; and it appears from Pliny, as well as from inscriptions, that it retained its municipal character, though de- prived of a large portion of its territory in favour of the neighbouring city of Beneventum. (Plin. iii. 1 1 . s. 16; Lib. Colon, p. 232; Orelli, Inscr. 128, 131.) The period of its destruction is miknown: the name is still found in the ninth century, but it is uncer- tain whether the town still existed at that time. The position of Caudium is fixed by the Itineraries, which all concur in placing it on the Appian Way, 21 Roman miles from Capua, and 11 from Beneven- tum; and as the total distance thus given from Ca- pua to Beneventum is perfectly correct^ there can be no doubt that the division of it is so too. Yet Hol- stenius and almost all the Italian topographers have placed Caudium at Arpaja, which is less than 17 miles from Capua, as is proved by the discovery of the Roman milestone with the number xvi. a short distance from thence, on the road to Capua, as well as by the measurement of the distance. D'Anville is therefore certainly correct in placing the site of Caudium about 4 miles nearer Beneventum, between Arpaja and Monte Sarckio, It must have stood on or near the little river Isclero; though there are no mins of it on the spot. Arpaja, the origin of which cannot be traced further back than the tenth century, probably arose, like so many other towns in Italy, in the stead of Caudium, when the latter was destroyed or abandoned by its inhabitants; which will account for its having been identified by tradition in early times with the latter city. (HoUten. Not, m Cluver. p. 267 ; Pellegrini, Ditcorsi delia Campania, vol. 1. p. 368; Romanelti, vol. iii. pp. 393 — 399; D'An- ville, Anal Geog. de Vltalie, p. 214—216.) The point is of importance from its connection with the much disputed questioa concerning the true position of the celebrated pass called the Fubculae Cau- DI2VAJS * or Caudine Forks, the scene of one of the greatest disasters sustained by the Romans in the whole course of their history. Livy's narrative of this celebrated event is the only one sufficiently detailed to throw any light upon the topographical question. He describes the place known as the Furculae Caudinae as a pass consist- ing of two narrow defiles or gorges (saltus duo alti, angusti, silvosique, — angustiae, ix. 2), united by a continuous range (A mountains on each side, enclosing in the midst a tolerably spacious plain, with good grass and water. The Roman army, supposing the Samnites to be far distant, advanced incautiously through the first pass, but when they came to the second they found it blocked up with trees and stones, so as to be wholly impassable; and when they turned back and retraced their steps to the pass at the en- trance of the valley, they found this similarly oh-
- This appears to be the correct form of the name,
and is the only one found in prose writers: Lucan alone has " Furcae Caudinae" (ii. 137), for which Silius Itallcus (viii. 566) employs " Caudinae Fau- ces. »
