600 CHALCIS. 197, b.] The surrounding coantry wag planted with olives. (Dicaearch. Bios rqs *EKi&oSj p. 146, ed. Fuhr.) When Alexander crossed over into Asia, the Chalcidians strengthened the fortifications of their city by inclosing within thdr walls a hill on the Boeotian side, ctdled Canethos, which thus formed a fortified bridge-head. At the same time they fortified the bridge with towers, a wall, and gates. (Strab. z. p. 447.) Canethos, which is also mentioned by ApoUonius Khodins (i. 77), is pro- bably the hill (^ Karababdj which rises to the height of 130 feet immediately above the modem bridge, and is the citadel of the present town. In the second Panic war, b. c. 207, the Romans, under Sulpicius and Attalos, made an unsuccessful attack upon Ghalcis, which was then subject to Philip. (Liv. zxviii. 6.) A few years afterwards, B. c. 192, when the war was resumed with Philip, the Romans surprised Chalcis and slew the inhabit- ants, but they had not a sufficient force with them to occupy it permanently. (Liv. xzxi. 23.) In the war between the Romans and Aetolians, Chalcis was in alliance with the former (Liv. xxxv. 37 — 39); but when Antiochus passed over into Greece, at the invitation of the Aetolians, the Chalcidians deserted the Romans, and receiveid this king into their city. During his residence at Chalcis, An- tiochus became enamoured of the daughter of one of the principal citizens of the place, and made her his queen. (Liv. zxxv. 50, 51, zxxvi. 11; Pol. zz. 3, 8 ; Dion Cass. Fragm, ex libr. xxziv. p. 29, ed. Reimar.) Chalds joined the Achaeans in their last war against the Romans; and their town was in consequence destroyed by Mummius. (Liv. Epit lii.; comp. Pol. xl. 11.) In the time of Strabo Chalcis was still the prin- cipal town of £uboea, and must therefore have been rebuilt after its destruction by Mummius. (Strab. z. p. 448.) Strabo descrilxs the bridge across the Knripus as two plethra, or 200 Greek feet in length, with a tower at either end; and a canal {ffitpiyl^ constructed through the Euripus. (Strab. z. p. 403.) Strabo appears never to have visited the Euripus himself; and it is not improbable that his description refers to the same bridge, or rather mole, of which an account has been preserved by Diodorus (xiii. 47 ; see above). In this case the (rltpiy^ would be the narrow channel between the mole. (See Groskurd's Germ, Trantl. of StrdbOj vol. ii. p. 149.) Chalcis was one of the towns restored by Justinian. (Procop. de Aedif. iv. 3.) The orator Isaeus and the poet Lycophron were natives of Chalcis, and Aristotle died here. In the middle ages Chalcis was called Euripus, whence its modem name 'Effripo, It was for some time in the hands of the Venetians, who called it NegroporUf probably a corruption of Egripo and pontCf a bridge. It was taken by the Turks in 1470. It is now the principal, and indeed the only place of importance in the ishuid. There are no remains of the ancient city, with the ezception of some fragments of white marble in the walls of COIN OF CHALCIS IN KUBOEA. . OHALDAEA. houses. (Leake, Northern Greece^ toL ii. p. 254, seq.; Stephani, ReUe^ ^c, p. 13.) 2. Also called Chalcbia, and Hypochalcis (XoAKcto, Pol. V. 94; 'TvoxaAxis, Strab. p. 451; Steph. B. «.v.), a town of Aetolia, situated upon tlxe coast, at a short distance E. of the mouth of the £▼»- nus, and at the foot of a mountain of the same name, whence it was called Hypochalcis. Chalcis is onoe of the 5 Aetolian towns spoken of by Homer, who gives it the epthet of &7x^of , and it continued to be mentioned in the historical period. (Horn. IL iL 640; Thuc iL 83; Pol. v. 94; Strab. pp. 451,459 460.) There are two great mountains situated between the river Fidhm (the Evenus) and the castle of AtfmtVt (Antirrhium), of which the western mountain, called Varassova^ corresponds to Chakis, and the eastem, called KakisJxth, to Taphiassus. The town of Chalcis appears to have stood in the valley between the two mountains, probably at OvHO'kastrOf where there are some remains of an Hellenic fortress. (Leake, Northern Greece, voL L p. 1 10.) There was some confusi(Hi in the andent writers respecting the position of monnt Chalcis, and Artemidorus, who called it Chalcia, placed it between the Achelous and Pleurxxn (Strab. p. 460); but this is clearly an error. 3. (^KhdUM)y a town of Epeirus in Mount Pindus, near which the Achelous rises. It is erroneously called by Stephanns a town of Aetolia. (Dionys. Perieg. 496 ; Steph. B. <. v. ; Leake, Northern Greece^ vol. iv. p. 214.) CHALCI'TIS (XaXxiTis). 1. {EiL XoXkIttis: KhdUei or Karki) '* an island opposite to Chalcedon with copper mines." (Steph. 8, v. XaXKn-ii, who cites Artemidorus.) There is a group of small islands called the Prince's Itha, in the Propontis, not oppo- site to Chalcedon, but S£. of that city, and opposite to part of the coast which we may assume to have belonged to Chalcedon. One of these marked KarH in a map published by the Hydrographical Office of the Adminilty is Chalcitis. Pliny (v. 32) simply mentions Chalcitis. 2. A tract in Asia Mnor in the territory of Eiy- thrae according to Pansanias (vii. 5. § 12), which contained a promontory, in which Uiere were sea baths (as he calls them), the most beneficial to the health of all in Ionia. One of the pbylae of Eiythrae, the third, derived its name from tlie Chalcitis. These inhabitants of the Chalcitis seem to be the Chalcideis of Strabo (p. 644), but the passage of Strabo is not free from difficulty, and is certainly cormpt (see Groskurd's TramsL of Strabo, vol. iii. p. 23). TheTeii and Chizomenii were on the isthmus, and the Chalcideis next to the Teii, but just within the peninsula on which Erythrae stands. This seems to he Strabo's meaning; and the Chalcideb must have been under the Teii, for Gerae, another place west of Teos, belonged to the Teii. The distance across the isthmus of Eiythrae from tiie Alezandrium and the Chalcideis to a place on the north side of the isthmus, called Hypocremnos, was 50 stadia according to Strabo; but it is more. This AlexiuO' drium was a grove dedicated to Alexander the Great, where games were celebrated by the community <^ Ionian cities (^iath rov Koufov rSov *libvw) in honour of Alexander. [G. L.^ CHALCITIS. [India.] CHALCODO'NIUM. [Pherak.] CHALDAEA (XoAdo/a), in a strict sense, was probably only, what Ptolemy (v. 20. § 3) considered it, a small tract of coantry, adjoining the deserts of
