602 CHAUA. CHAMAVL
the main land; the 'Promontoriiim Chaldone' is the great headland, at the entrance of the Bay of Doat al'Kusma from tiie soath, opposite Pheleche island; and the * yoragini similios quam mari,' or sea broken into gulfs, of 50 miles, extending to the 'ilumen Achana,' is that along ^e coast, between the above- named cape and the river of Khadema, a space of precisely 50 Roman miles. This tract, again, is the
- Saoer Sinns ' of Ptolemy, terminating at Cape
Zoorer (76. vol. ii. p. 2 13. [G.W.] CHAXIA (XoXia), a town of Boeotia, mentioned by Theopompus, and in an ancient inscription: from the latter we learn that it was an independent state, perhaps one of the cities of the Boeotian league. (Theopomp. c^, SUpK B, $, v, XoXia; Mannar. Ozon. 29, I. p. 67.) Theopompns stated that the Ethnic name was XoAiot, bnt in the inscription it is written XAAEIAEIX Nothing more is known of the place. Leake sapposes that it was situated in the Parasopia at ChaUa. (Leake, Northern Greece, ▼oL ii. p. 473, eeq.) CHALONI'TIS. [Chala.] GHALUS (X((Xoj), a river of Syria, foor days' march from Myriandms, fall of fish, which were held sacred by the inhabitants (Xen. Anab. L 4. § 9). Though the identity has not been made out suffi- ciently, it is in all probaUlity the same as the Koioeik which takes its rise from two sources in the high ground S. of *AJMdb} the larger, curing to the abun- dance of its fish, has the name Bdluk Sk (fish river). From the pass in the Beiidn chain advancing NE. and keeping quite dear of the lake of Agd Denghiz and the surrounding marshes, it is about 6 1 geogra- phical miles to the upper part of the Bcduk 5u, and about 68 or 70 miles from the town of Beilan, if a greater sweep be made to the N. along the slopes of the hills. As there were three rivers to cross, the Kard 5u,the Atw6d and the M/rtn, four days would be required for this part of the march. (Chesoey, Exped.EuphraL vol. i. p. 412, ii. p. 212.) [£. B. J.] CHAXYBES (XaA.v«cs,or XdUutfoi, as Hecataeus named them). The Ten Thousand in their march westward from Cerasns [Ckrasds] came to the country of the Mossynoed, and passing through it they came to the country of the Chalybes: the Cha> lybes were few in number, and most of them got their living by making iron; they were subject to the Moflsynoeci (Xen. Anab. v. 5. § I). After passing through the Chalybes, the Greeks came to the Ti- bareni, whose country was much more level; from which expression we may conclude that the country east of the Tibareni was more mountainous. The Greeks were two days in marching through the country of the Tibareni to Gotyora (J)rd(m f). The position of these Chalybes is thus fixed within certain limits. Festus Avienus (^Detcript. Orb, v. 956) places the Tibareni and Chalybes together; Strabo (p. 549) places the Chaldaei, who, he says, were originally called Chalybes, in that part of the country which lies above Phamacia {Keraitmty, and thus their position is exactly fixwl: Plutarch (LuctiU, c. 14) also calls them Chaldaei, and mentions them with the Tibareni The tract along the coast, says Strabo, is narrow, and backed by mountains, which were fall of iron ore, and covered with forests. The men on the coast were fishers; and those in the in- terior were chiefly iron makers: they had once silver mines. The miners on this coast were known from the earliest recorded times; and Strabo conjectures that the Alybe of Homer (//. ii. 865) may be the country of these Chalybes, whence silver came. As the Greeks called iron or steel x^W'i i^ ^ possible that thej got both the thing and the name from these rudb miners. They were the workers of iron (<riSi}po- r4ieroP€s) whom the early Greek poets mentiaa (Aesch. Prom. 717). ApoUonias (Argon, ii. 1002) has embellished his poem with a description of these rough workmen *' who endure heavy toil in the midst of black soot and smoke." (Comp. Virg. Georg. L 58.) The Chalybes of Herodotus (i. 28) are enumerated by him between the Mariandyni and Paphlagonea, from which we may perhaps condnde that he sup- posed, though incorrectly, that this was their geo- graphical podtion ; for he indndes them in the empire of Croesus, which did not extend fbrfcher than the Halys. Stephanus (s. v. Xdv9€s) places the Ch»> lyb« on the Thermodoo, a positiMi conddeniUy west of that assigned to them by Strabo, whom however Stephanus follows in supposing that they may be represented by the Alybe of Homer. An authority for thdr podtion may have been Eudoxns, whom Iw cites. Hamilton {Researehee, &c vol.i. p^275) vidted in thendghbourhood of Unieh (Oenoe) some people who made iron. They find the ore on the hills in small nodular masses in a dark yellow clay which overlies a limestone rock. These people also bum charcoal for their own use. When they have exhausted one spot, they move to another. " Ail the iron is sent to Constantinople, where it is bought up by the govern- ment, and in great demand " (Hamilton). Though these people do not occupy the position of theChalybes of Xenophon or of Strabo, they live the same laborioos life as the Chalybes of antiquity; and these moun- tainous tracts have probably had their rude foiiges and smoky workmen for m<u% than twenty-five oeii- turies without interruption. Before the Ten Thousand reached the Euxkie thej fell in with a people whom Xenophon {Anab, iv. 7, §15) calls Chalybes, the most warlike people that the Greeks encountered in thdr retreat. They had linen corslets, and were well armed. At their bdt they carried a knife, with which they killed the enemies that they caught, and then cut off their heads. The Greeks came to a river Harpasus after marching through the territory of the Chalybes, who were separated from the Scythini by this river. The Harpasus is the Arpa Ckcn^ the chief branch of the Araxes. Pliny (vi. 4), who was acquainted with the Chalybes of the Pontus, mentions also (vi. 10) the Armenochalybes, who seem to be the warlike Chalybes of Xenophon. The iron workers and the fighters may have been the same nation, but we have no evidence of this except the sameness of name. [G. L.] CHALYBON (XoAi/gi&v), a dty in Syria, after- wards called Beroea [Bbroea, No, 3], from which came the name of Chalybonitis (XakvSwrrtSj PtoL V. 15. § 17), one of the ten districts of northern Syria, lying to the E. of Chalddice, towards the Euphrates. [£. B. J.] CHAMA'VI (Kjotfutuoi, KofioSoJ, Xdfia€oi% a German tribe, perhaps the same as the Gambrivu in Strabo (vii. p. 291 ; comp. Tac. Germ. 2), ap- pears at diflerent times in different localities, pro- bably in consequence of the conquests made by the Bomans. They originally dwelt on the banks of the Rhine, in the country afterwards occupied by the Tubantes, and at a still later time by the Usipetes. (Tac. Ann. xiu. 55.) Subsequently wb find them frurther in the interior, in the country of the Bructeri, who ars said to have been destroyed
