CILICIA. ■0 that, if his Btatement is true, the eastern pert of | the later province of Cappadocia was in his time Gilician. [Gafpaoocxa.] Ciliida still had its native kings in the time cif this Darius; for a Ga- rian, Pizodams, the son of Mansolns, was married to a danghter of the GiHcian king Sjennesis. (Herod, v. 118.) GiHcia was one of the subject states which contributed to fonn a navy for the Per- sians, and it supplied 100 ships for the great expe- dition of Xerxes, which were under the command, of a Gilician, Syennesis, the son of Oromedon. (Herod, vii. 91, 98.) A king still called Syennesis was the husband of queen Epyaxa, who made herself a par- tisan of the younger Gyrus, when he was on his road through Cilida to attack his brother Artaxerxes, and contrived to reconcile her husband to him. (Xen. ^iM6.i.2. §26.) The mytM of the Greeks connected the history of the people of Western Asia with Gilida [Giucbs] ; and they had stores of early settlements by their own nation on these shores. Amphilochus, the son c£ Amphiaraus, settled Posideium on the borders of the Gilicians and the Syrians (Herod, iii. 91). According to another story, Amphilochus, and Mopsus, the SOD of Apollo, came from Troy and founded Mallus; and in Strabo's time their tombs were pointed out at Hagana, near the Pyiamus. But the Greeks do not appear to have settled in Gilicia, if we look to historical evidence, before the time of Alexander, except in a few places on the coast Soli is said to have been colonised by Acbaei and Bhodians from Lindus. In the time of Xenopbon (b. c. 401) the Gilices still appear as a distinct people. It was not till after the time of Alexander that the Greeks got a firm footing in the country, and, under Greek civilisati(m. Tarsus became one of the great schools of the ancient world. The name of Seleuceia on the Galycadnus, of Antiocheia ad Gragum, and Arsiooe, on the coast of the Trachea, and otiier Greek names, indicate the connection of Gilicia with the Greek kings of Syria and Egypt. The later Roman occu- pation of the country is indicated by the luunes Pompeiopolis, Glaudiopolis, Trajaiwpolis, and others. The native Gilicians probably disappeared from the plain country, or were mingled first with Greeks and other foreigners; but they maintained themselves in the mountains, even to Gicero's time, under the name of Eleutherocilioes. Gicero, who was governor of Gilicia, describes them as a fierce and warlike race, and he took their strong town Pindenissus. (Gic. ad Ati, Y. 20.) Strabo says that the Amanus, which lies above Gilicia on the east, was always governed by several kings or chiefs, who had strong places; and in his time, a man of mark was set ever all of them, and called King by the Romans for his merits. His name was Taroondimotus, a genuine free Gilician, no doubt Diodotus, snmamed Tryphon, made the strong- hold Goracesium his head-quarters at the time that he caused Syria to revolt from the kings, as Strabo expresses it Antiochus, the son of I^etrius, iu B. c 139 oompeDed Tryphon to seek refuge in a fort, where he killed himself. This Tryphon, adds Strabo, was the cause of the Cilidans commencing their piratical practices, and the feebleness of the kings who succeeded one another in the government of Syria and Cilida. The Gilicians were encouraged to man-stealing by the great demand for slaves among the Romans after the destruction of Garthage and Corinth, and they found a ready sale at Delos for all the slaves that thqr took there. Pirates, pretend- GILICU. 621 ing to be slave-dealers, soon started up, and did great mischief in these seas. The Romans were too remote to care about what was gdng on along the coast of Asia, though they knew that these dis- orders were owing to the weak government of the descendants of Seleucus Nicator. But it was at last necessary for the Romans to make war on the pirates, for their own safety, for even the shores of Italy and the ndghbourhood of Rome were not safe against these marauders. (Gic. pro Leg. Mca/dL c. 1 1 , &c. ; Pint Pomp, c 24, &c.) During the war with Mithridates the pirates sided with the king, ard when the Romans took them in hand they had to deal with a most formidable enemy. In b. c 108, M. Antonius had Gilicia ss his '* provincja," that is, according to the proper sense of that word, for the sphere of his oomnumd as propraetor. This Vas the begiiming of the war against the pirates. Also in B. c. 92, L. Sulla had Gilicia for his ^ provinda; " but it is not correct to infer that Gilicia was then organised as a Prcmnce. In b. c. 80 and 79, Gn. Dolabella had Gilicia as his '^ provinda." (Gic Verr. act i. 17.) It does not appear that he had under him any part of Cilida, properly so called; and it has been observed, that all the crimes of Verres and Dolabella, which Gicero mentions, were committed in Lyda, Pamphylia, I^idia, and Phrygia. But, as he had a province in Asia ^Hnor, and it was called Gilida, he might, we must suppose, have gone into Gilicia, if he would or could. In B. c. 7^— 7.*$, P. Servilius Isauricus was sent against the pirates in these seas. He took several places in Lyda and Pamphylia, and Gorycus in Gilicia (Eutrop. vi. 8); but he did not enter the Level Gilicia, which was held by Tigranes till b.c. 69, and perhaps even to b.c. 66. Yet, some writers state that Isauricus conquered Gilicia. (VelL Pat. ii. 19.) Gn. Pompdus, who was appdnted (b. c. 67) to command in the war against the pirates, brought Gilicia Trachea under R<nnan dominion ; and, after the surrender of Tigranes, he took from him the Level GUida, with other of his acquisitions. The province called Gilicia was now fully organised, and it comprised six parts : Gilicia Gampestris, Gilicia Aspera, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Isau- ria, and Lycaonia; with the greatest part of Phrygia, comprehending the Gonventus of Laodicea, Apamea, and Synnada. In B. c. 58 the island of Cyprus was added, which the Romans had taken from the king of Egypt. This was the extent of the Roman pro- vince of Gilicia when Gicero was proconsul of Gilida, B. c. 51 — 50. It was divided, after Roman fiishion, into eight Gonventus or Fora: the Gonventus of Tarsus, which dty was the residence of the governor; the FoTum of Iconium for Lycaonia; the Forum Isauricum, conjectured to have been at Philomdium ; the Forum Pamphylium, the place of which is un- known; the Forum Gibyraticum [Gibyra], at Laodicea, on the Lycus; the Forum A Apamea; the Forum of Synnada; and Cyprus. A change was made shortly after this time and probably by the Dictator Caesar b.u. 47. {BdL Alex. 66). The Forum or Gonventus of Cibjra was attached to the province of Asia, together with the greater part of Pisidia, and also Pamphylia, and as it seems, the Gonventus of Apamea and Synnada. M. Antonius (b.c. 36) gave Cyprus and Cilida Aspera to Cleopatra, and eastern Phrygia with Ly- caonia, Isauria, and Pisidia, to Amyntas king of Galatia. Augustus reduced the province of Cilicia still further. Cyprus was made a separate province; and Pamphylia with Isauria and Pisidia, afler the
