714 CRUSTUMIUS. Boman tribe which bore the name of Crnstamina, and which was placed for the most part among the Sabines. (Liv. xlii. 34 ; Cic pro BaJh. 25, pro PUmc. 16.) The period at which this was con- stituted, cannot be fixed with certainty; but it must be placed after B.c. 499, when Cnistameriom ap- pears for the last time as an independent town, and before B.a 393. (Mommsen, RorrUsche TrUnUf pp. 9, 10.) The territory of Cmstameriam was noted for its fertility: the strip of plain on the left bank of the Tiber consisted of fat rich fields, which seem to have prodnced abundance of corn, so that even at a Tery early period the Cmstiunerians are represented as sending supplies from thence to Rome. (Liv. L 11; Diooys. ii. 53; Cic. pro Flaoc, 29.) Virgil also speaks of this district as prodndng abundance of pears, the fruit of which, according to jServius, was distinguished for being red only on one side, a peculiarity which they still retain. (Virg. Georg» iL 88 ; Senr. ad loo. ; Gell, Top. o/Rome^ p. 191.) The precise site of Cmstnmerium has not been determined, bat that of its territory is fixed with nnuBual clearness. It adjomed the Via Salaria and the Tiber, which latter river divided it from the Veientines, b^inning from a point 13 miles above Rome, till it met the territory of Fidenae. On the N. it probably adjoined that i& Eretimi. (Plin. iii 5. s. 9. § 53; Vair. 12.12. 1. 14; Liv. iii. 42.) The situation of the city must therefore be sought within these limits; but no ruins have been traced to mark the exact spot. It doubtless occupied the summit of one of the hills ov^looking the Tiber; and a place called MarcigUana Vecchia, indicated by Cluverius, about 9 miles from Rome, and 3^ beyond Fidenae, is on the whole the most probable. (Cluver. Ital. p. .658; Nibby, Diniomi di Roma^ vol. i. p. 526; Abeken, MiUd Itaiien, p. 79.) [£. H. B.] CRUSTU'MIUS, a river of Umbria, flowing into the Adriatic Sea between Ariminum and Pisaurum. It is noticed by Pliny as in the vicinity of Ariminum, but in a manner that would have rather led to the supposition that it was on the N. side of that dty. There can, however, be no doubt that it is the same river of which the name is corrupted in the Tabula into " Rnstunum," and which is there placed S. of Ariminum. It may therefore be pretty safely iden- tified with the Conoaj which enters the sea at La Cattolicat and b described as a mountain stream, liable to sudden and violent inundations when swollen by the melted snows. Hence the epithet given it by Lucan, of " Grustumium rapax** (Luc. ii. 406 ; Plin. iii. 15 s. 20; Tab. Pent). Vibius Sequester (p. 8) asserts that there was a town of the same name at its mouth, but this is probably a mistake. [E.H.B.] CRYA (Kpva: Eth, Kpv€^s a city of Lycia, according to Stephanus (s. o.). He quotes the first book of the Epitome of Artemidorus, and the follow- ing passage: — *^ and there are also other islands of the Cryeis, Caiysis and Alina." Pliny (v. 31), who may have had the same or some like authority, says
- Cryeon tres," by which he means that there were
three islands off or near to Crya; but he does not name them. Pliny (v. 28) places Crya in Caria, and he mentions it after Daedala, under the name of " Crya fugitivorum." According to his descrip- tion it is on the gulf of Glaucus. The Stadiasmus places it, under the name KfMua, 160 stadia from Telmissus to the west. Mela (i. 16) speaks merely of a promontorium Crya. In Ptolemy the name is written Carya, and it is assigned to Lycia. [G. L.] CTESIPHON. CRTASSUS (Kpuaff<r6s : Eth, Kfwourire^), a atf of Caria, according to Stephanus («.«.). It does not appear what his authority is; but Leake (Jaw J/mor, p. 225) assumes that it is Plutarch {de Virt Mid.). Some critics further assume that Crya and Cryassus are the same place. The names, however, are distinct enough; and if there is only one place meant, we have two names. There is in tlie modem town of Rodoe an inscription, in which both Ghaloe [Chaxxs] and Cryassus are mentioned; and the inscription contains the feminine ethnic form KfnKUTffis, and so far confirms Stephanus. (Leake, Atia Minor ^ p. 224, note.) If the old story is true (Polyaen. Strat viiL 64), Cryassus was a Carian city which some Helians seized, and killed the natives. [G. L.] CRYPTUS PORTUS (Kpurrbf Xift^), at the straits of the Persian gulf (Ptol. vi. 7), by some sup- posed to be represented by the modem Sohar. Mr. Forster maintains it to be identical with the Amithos- cuta of Pliny, and finds it at Miucat in Onum. (ArabiOf vol. ii pp. 23 1—233.) " Its name, * the hidden harbour,' is clearly descriptive, and it is de- scriptive exclusively c{ Miucai: for this p<»t is re- presented, by the latest authorities, as so shut out from the sea by the rocks which encompass this noble harbour, that the first fflght of the entrance is obtained only on the actual approach of the vessel in front of the basin before the town." Thus, Mr. Fraser says, " the entrance is so little conspicuous, that a stranger unacquainted with the black rocka that surround it, would scarcely detect it, on arriving from sea." [G.W.] CTENUS PORTUS (Krtpovs KifA^v, Strab. vii. pp. 308. 312), the port which from the N. side, meeting the SncnoLON Portus on the S., made up the smaller or Heracleotic Chersonesus as forming part of the greater or Tauric Chersonesus. It ia identified with the harbour of Sevastopol^ which is described as one of the finest in the worU, and as resembling that of Malta. It is divided into three coves. A full account of it will be feund in Clarke {Trav. voL ii. p. 199; Jones, TVov. voL ii. p. 253; oomp. Jowm. Geog. Soc voL i. p. 110). [£. B. J.] CTESIPHON iKruffupdy: Eth. Kn|<ri4M*moOv a large city in the southern part of Assyria, on the left or astern bank of the Tigris, the origin of whidi b uncertain. It is first mentioned by Polybius (t. 45), in his narrative of the war between Antiochna the Great and Molo. Ammianus (xxiii. 6) attributes its foundation to a Parthian ruler named Vardanes or Varanes, but history has not recorded who he was or at what period he lived. It is certain, however, that it was not a place of great consequence till the Parthian empire was firmly established. It rose on the decay of Seleuceia, as that city had upon the fall of the earlier capital, Babylon; and Ammianus may be right in attributing to the Parthian Paooras, the son of Orodes, the magnificence fer which it be- came celebrated. Stiabo {Epit. id. 32) describes Ctesiphon as the winter residence of the Parthian kings, who lived- there at that season owing to tiie mildness of the climate; while they passed their summer in Hyrcania, or at Ecbatana, the andenfc and more illustrious royal seat. It long remained a place of considerable importance, especially at the time of the restoration of the Persian empire under the early Sassanian princes. Tacitus (^Ann, vi. 42) calls it " sedes imperii." Its population must have been very large, as from it alone Severus carried off 100,000 prisoners. (Herodian, ilL 30; Dion Cass.
