CTPBUS. ma uxloaft to take Gjprns to his share. In B. c. I 154, Energetes went to Rome, to seek asrastanoe from the senate. Five legates, bat no Roman army, were despatched to aid him ; bat Philometor, anti- cipating him, had already occnpied Gypros with a large fyece^ so that when his brother landed at the he^ of his meroenary troops, he was soon defeated «ad shat np in Lapethus, where he was compelled to surrender, on condition that he shoald content himself with the kingdom of Gyrene. The Romans did not again interfere to disturb the arrangement thns concluded. Daring the dissensions of the bro- thers, Demetrins Soter, king of Syria, had endea- voured to make himself master of Gyprns, bnt un- successfully. On the aoeessioa of Ptolemy Lathyms to the throne of Aegypt, his younger brother, Ptolemy Alexander, went to Gyprus. Afterwards, when ^ the intrigues of Gleopatra, the queen-mother, Alex, ander b^mme king of Aegypt, Lathyms retired to Cyprus, and held it as an independent kingdom for the 18 years during which Gleopatra and Alexander reigned in Aegypt, b. o. 107 — 89. When Lathyms was recalled by the Alexandrians to Aegypt, Alex- ander, his brother, in the hope of becoming master of Cyprus, invaded Uie island; but was defeated in a naval action by Ghaereas, and fell in the battle. While Ptolemy Auletes occupied the throne of Aegypt, another Ptolemy, a younger brother, was king of Cyprus. This prince had obtained from the Boinan people the compUmentaiy title of their fnend. (Gie. pro SuL 26; SchoL Bob. p. 301, ed. OreU.) On the pretence that he had abetted the pirates (Schol. Bob. L c), be was commanded to descend from the throne. In b. c. 58, Glodios, who had a penonal enmity agamst the king (Appian. B. C. ii. S8; Dion Cass, xxxviil 80), proposed to deprive hfan of his kingdom, and confiscate his lai^e trea- sures to the service of the state. A ^ rogation" was brought forwaid by the tribune, that Gato should be appointed to cany into execution this act of fright- Ibl injustice. Gato accepted this disgraceful com- oussion; but half ashamed of the transaction, de- apatched a friend from Rhodes to deliver the decree, and to hold out to the injured king the promise of an booourable compensation in the priesthood of the Paphian Aphrodite. Ptolemy preferred to submit to a voluntary death. (Plut Cat. Mm, 34, 39.) Gy- prus became a Roman province, and the fiital trea- BorBB amassed by the king, were poured mto the ooflers of the state. (Pat Veil. ii. 45.) The island ^vas annexed to Gilicia (Gic ad Fam, i. 7 ; ad Att. "Vi. 2X but had a quaestor of its own (ad Fam. xili. 48), and its own courts for the administration of justice (ad AU. r. 81). In b. o. 47, it was ^ven by Gaesar to ArainoS and Ptolemy, the sister and brother of Glec^tra. (Dion Cass. xliL 95.) M. Antonius afterwards presented it to the children of Cleopatra. (Dion Cass. xlix. 32, 41 ; comp. Strab. p. 685.) After the battle of Actium, at the division of the proivinoes between the emperor and the senate, B. o. 27, it was made an imperial province. (Dion Cass. liiL 12.) In b. o. 22, it was eiven up to the flcoate (Dion Cass. liv. 4), and was from that time go ver ned 1^ propraet<RV, with the title of Proconsul, with a ** legatus " and a ** quaestor.'* (Marqoardt, £eeker*9 bSm. Altrol. iii. pt. 1. p. 172 ; OreU. Inter. 3102.) The proconsul resided at Paphos. (Act Apott. xiiL 6, 7.) From the nanative in the Acts of the Apostles (xiii. 4 — 12), it would seem that a eonnderBble part of the population was of Jewish •xtraction^ and in the frtal insurrection during the CTPTASIA. rsi reign of Hadrian, they ars said to have massacred 240,000 of the Grecian inhabitants, and obtained temporary possession of the island. (Ifibnan, Hist. qfJew8j vol. iii. p. 1 12.) Under the Byzantine em- perora it was governed by a " Gonsularis," and the capital was transferred fhim Paphos to Salamis or Gonstantia (Hierocl.). In a. d. 648, Moawiyah, the general of Othman, invaded the island, which capitulated, the Saracen general agreeing to share the revenues with the Greek emperor. In a. d. 803 — 806, it fell into the hands of Uamn el Rashid, but was afterwards restored to the empire by the conquests of Nicephorus II. Isaac Angelas lost the island where Alexis Gommenus had made himself independent; but was deprived of his conquest by Richard Goeur de Lion, A. d. 1191, who ceded it to the Templars, bnt afterwards resumed the sove- reignty, kdA in a. d. 1 192, gave it to King Guido of Jerusalem. Gyprus was never agun united to the Byzantine empire. Gyprus, lying in that sea which was the extreme nurse of the Grecian race, never developed the nobler features of HeUenic culture and civilization. The oriental character entirely predominated ; the worship had bnt little connection with the grsoefol anthropo- morphism of Hellas, but was rather a deificati<m of the generative powera of nature as common to the Phoenicians, mixed up with orgiastic rites fn»n Phiygia. The goddess, who was evidentiy the same as the Semitic Astarte, was worshipped under the ferm of a mde conical stone. (Tac HitU ii 3.) The exuberance of natare served to stifle every higher feeling in sensual enjoyment (Gomp. Athen. vi. p. 257, xii. p. 516.) A description of the constitution was given in the lost work of Aristotle on the Po- lities, and Theophnistus had composed a treatise upon the same subject (Suid. «. v. Tidpa.) That such men shoald have thought it worth their while to investigate this matter shows that it possessed considerable interest; ss fiur as the scanty notices that have come down go, it appean to have been governed by petty princes of an oriental character. (Gomp. Herod, vii. 90.) For coins of Gypms, see Eckhel, voL iii. p. 84; H. P. Borrell, Noike sar qtielq. Med. gr. det Bais de Ckypre. Paris, 1836; Meursius, Crtta^ CjfprtUj &c., Amst 1 675 ; I^Anville, Mem. de VAcad. dm Inter, vol. xxxii. p 548 ; Mariti, Viaggif vol. i.; Von Hammer, Topogr. Anaicht. oat der LewmU; Tamer*s Levant ; vol. ii. pp. 40, 528; Engel, Kypree; Ross, Reiaen nock Koe^ HaHkar- natcotf Ehodotf und der IneelnCypem, Halle, 1852 ; Luynes, Numumaiigm et Inecriptiont Cgpriotety Paris, 1852. ^ [E. B. J.] GYTSELA (KiH^^a), a town on Uie nver Hebrus in Thrace, which was once an important pUce on the via Egnatia. It is the same as the modem Ipsala. or Chapeglair, near Keehan. (Strab. pp. 322, 329; Ptol.iiL 11. § 13; Steph. Byz. s.tF.; Ann. Gomn. vil. p. 204 ; Liv. xxxi. 16, xxxviii. 40, 41 ; MeU, ii. 2 ; Plin. iv. 1 8.) [L. S.] GY'PSELA (Kiilftka: Eth. Ki^cAirof), a fortress in the district of Parrhasia in Arcadia, which was oc- cupied and fortified by the Mantineians in the Pelo- ponnesian war, in order to annoy the Lacedaemonian district Sdritis. (Thuc. v. 33.) Kiepert, in his map, identifies Gypsela with Basilis, since the latter is said to have been founded by Gypselus: the only objection to this conjecture is the diutanoe of Gypsela from the district Soritis. [Basius.] GTPTA'S14 (Kinmurfa), a place on the coast of Asm Minor (PtoL v. 4), apparentiy the same • *■ /!.'
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