GAOHONITia 1610, 4to.; Geroniino de la Concepdon, Emp&Ho de el Orbey Amst. 1690, folio; Ms. de Mondejar, Cadiz Phenicia, Madrid, 1805, 3 vols. 4to. ; ffi$. toria de Cadiz^ OroBCO, 1845, 4to.) [P. &1 GADILONITIS. [Gazklon.] GADITANUM FRETUM ^Straits of Gibrahar), the well-known channel connecting tlie Mediterra* nean and Atlantic [Atlanticum Make], and se- parating the continents of Enrope and Libjrm, only needs a notice in a work on tmcienij as distinguished from general^ geography, for the sake of recording the many diflbrent names by which it was known to the Greeks and Boroana. These are collected as follows by Ukert, who gives ample references to an- cient authorities; — Fretum and TloftdfUs, simply: Fts^^oMS iropBfUs: *HpdKK9tot irop$fi6s: Uop$fi6s or uiipof Kork ria 'HpoicXcfovr orifXas: Srif/ia KolBt 'HpoKktiavs an/lXat: rh rrjs dd€pmis r^s
- ArkBafratfis eT6f»a: Fretum Gaditanam: Fretum
Hercttleum: Fretum Tartessiumr FMum Iberum: Fretum Hispanum; Fretum nostri maris et Ocean! : Ostium Oceani: Maris Ostium: Limen Intemi Map- ris: Hercnlis Via or Henna: and lastly Fretum Sep- tem, or Septe Gaditanum, or Septe simply, from the hills called Septem Fratres on the Libyan shore. (Ukert, Geoffr. d, Grieehen «. Romer^ yol. u. pt 1. a 848, b.) Its extent is sufficiently maiked on the E. by the hills of An yia and Cat.fe, the Pillars of Hercules, and on the & side of its W. entrance by the promoDtory of Ampblusia; but the KW. point was yariously placed [Gades], the proper position bong the Pr. Junoois (CI Trcffalgar), [P.S.] GADITA'inJS OOEANUS. [AxLAirricuM Karb.] GAESUS, GESSUS (Vaivmw), a small river in Ionia, near Mount Mycale and the town of Priene. (Plm. T. 31; Mela, i 17; comp. Herod, iz. 97.) Athenaeus (tu. p. 311) obeerree that Gaeson or Gaesonis was, according to some, a lake between Priene and Miletus, which had a communication with the sea. [L. S.] GAETARA. [Albania.] GAETUXIA (roiTovAia, sometimes written Pc TOvAia: Eth. FouroSAof, and sometimes Pairo^AfOf, GaetQius: Adj. ToiroOhJos, GaetOlos, Gaetulicus), a country in the KW. of Libya, & of Mauretania and Numi^: on the K divided by hills from the Ga- RAUANTBS, who dwelt S. of Africa and Syrtica:* on the W. extending to the Atkmtic Ocean; and on the S. to a margin of the great basin of the river KiGiB, or, aooonling to PUny, to the river Kigir itself, which he considers as the boundaxy between Africa and Aethioina, that is, the country of the Negroes (v. 4). Acoording to tiie tradition pre- served by Sallust (Jug, 18, 19), the GaetuHans and the Libyans were the two great races which origi- nally inhabited Africa; i. e. the NW. portion of the continent When the K. sea^board came into the non of yarious tribes from Asia (sfterwards GAETULIA. 9S5 possessu known t rn as Numidians and Mauretanians), the Gae- tulians were forced back into the region to the S. of Atlas; and they led a nomade life in the oases of the W. part of the Great Desert belt (Sahara), which lies between the Atlas and the baon of the Nigir, while the Garamamtbs inhabited its E. portion. Strsbo extends the habitations of the Gaetulians even as frir as the Syrtes (xvii. p. 829); and it may well be believed that the Umd on the mai^n of the Great Desert, though nominally a part S. Kumidia, was really a sort of neutral ground, into which the Gae- tuiius may have extended their waoderings. (Comp. Strab. zviL p. 838.) Stnbo uses Gaetnlia as a sort of general name for Inner Africa, and calls the Gae- tulians the greatest of the Libyan peoples. (Compi Mela,i. 4: '* Natio frequens multiplexque Gaetnli.") Up to the time of the war with Jugurtha, they were ignorant, says Sallust, of the Roman name; but in that war they served as cavalry in the army of Jugurtha, besides making predatory attacks on the Romans. (Sail. Jug, 80, 88, 97, 99, 103.) Sallust expressly states that a part of the Gaetu- lians were subject to the kings of Numidia. (Jug. 19.) It appears that a body of them took service under Marius, who assigned them lands; and, being placed, at the dose of the war, under the authority of Hiempeal, they and their successors remained in the service of the Numidian kings until the Civil War, when we find considerable numbers of them deserting from Juba to Caesar, and employed by him as emissaries to stir up their tribes to revolt. (BeJL Afr, 25, 32, 35, 55, 56, 61, 93.) Under Augustus, a portim of the people, who were nominally subject to Juba, king of Mauretania, became so troublesome, that an army was sent against them under the com- mand of Cornelius Cossus Lentulns, who obtained a triumph and the surname of Gaetulicus, A.D. 6. (Dion Cass. Iv. 28; Tac Ann, iv. 42, 46, vi. 30 ; Fkr. iv. 12, 40; Juv. viiL 26.) We find some traces of the improved knowledge of the Ramans respecting the country in Plmy (v. 1, 4, 8, vi. 31. s. 36, xxL 13. s. 45, XXV. 7. s. 38, xxxv. 6. s. 26). He indndes under the name cf Gaetulians some tribes which had also their own specific names, such as the Autololes Gaetuli and the Gaetuli Darae (v.' 1). Ptolemy includes Gaetulia under his very extensive appellation of Libya Interior, of which it is the northern part, immediately & of the Mauretanias. (PtoL ir. 6. § 15, viii. 13. §§ 1,2.) The ancients clearly recognised the distinction between the Gaetulians and the Negro peoples who dwelt S. of them. The former they justly considered as a Libyan people of the same stock as the later settlers on the N. coast who displaced them: their darker colour and fiercer disposition were ascribed to their greater proximity to the torrid zone. ("Gae. tuli sub sole magis [quam Libyes] baud procul ab ardoribus," SalL Jug, 18.) They resembled their northern neighbours in their nomade mode of life; and there was a theory which ascribed the origin of the nomade peoples of the Algerian Sahara (for the exact meaning of thu phrase see Africa) to an in- termixture of the Gaetulians with the later Atdatio settlers. On the other hand, the southern Gaetu- lians mingled their blood with their Negro neigh- hours, the Nigritae, thus giving origin to a pe(^1e called the Melanogaetuli, or Black Gaetulians (Me- AavoTorroSAoi, Ptol. iv. 6. § 16; Agathem. ii. 5). The Gaetulians are described as men of a warlike ^qnsition and savage manners, living on milk and fiesh, clothed with skms ( Varro» J2. i2. IL 11. § 11), part dwelling in tents and others wandering about without settled abodes, and under no settled govern- ment (Sail. Jug, 18, 19, 80 ; Plin. x. 73. s. 94> They seem, however, like their eastern neighbours, the Garamantes, to have carried on a portion of the trade of Irmer Africa; and their country furnished some highly esteemed productions of nature, espe- cially the purple dye, which was obtained frcHn the shell-fish of the W. coast, and gigantic asparagus. (Ath. ii. p. 62; Enstath. ad Dion Par, 215; Stuph. B. «. v.; Mek, iii. 10 ; Plin. T. 1, vi. 3 . 8. 36, ix 60, xxxv. 6. 8. 86.)
