966 GALLIA TRANS. were allowed to occupy the cocmtTy from which the Ebarones had perished. Agrippa seems to have established the policy of planting German tribes on the weetbank of the Rhine, — nations that were driven bj their countrymen firom the other side of the river. The tnie German hated and despised the men who shat themselves up within walls; and the Gallidsed German who enjoyed his possessions on the west bank of the Rhine, was ready to defend them against his less civilised brothers. The disputes of Octavianna Caesar with M. Anto- nius prevented him fixHn directing all his attention to the G^liae. For some years the country was in a disturbed state. The Treviri were reduced to obedience by Nonius Gallus. C. Carinas defeated the Morini, and drove back the Suevi, who had crossed tbe Rhine. (Dion Cass. 11 20, 21.) The Aquitani, the last people who continued in arms, were subdued by M. Valerius Messalla, b. c. 28. In B.C. 27, nearly a quarter of a century after Caesar ended his campaigns, and when Octavianns, now Augustus, had become master of the Roman world, Gallia Ccxnata was definitively oi^ganised. Augustus, who took into his own hands the administmtion of the most important provinces, of those which required the largest military force, went to Narbonm in B. c. 27. From this time we may date the regular administrative division of (Jallia into four parts ; but Augustus made very little change. The Provincia received the name of Narbonensis, from the Roman town of Narbo ; but its limits were not altered. Aquitania retained its name ; but it was extended to the Loire, and consequently comprised a large part of Celtica. [AQurrAMiA.] The rest of Celtica received the name of Lugdunensis, from the new settlement of Lngdunnm. The remainder of Gallia was Belgica. (Stnb. p. 177.) The organisation of the provincia of Narbonensis was the first labour of Augustus. During the Civil >Vas8 it had been hostile to the party of Caesar; and particularly Massilia and its dependencies. [Pro- vincia.] The policy of the emperor was to destroy the nationality <JP the Galli, to confound the old di- visions, and to stamp a Roman character on the country. From Lugdunum, the capital of one of the new divisbns, Agrippa made four great roads (Strab. p. 208): one over the CSvefmet to the San- tones, at the mouth of the Garonne^ and into Aqui- tania; a second to the Rhine; atliird to the Ocean, in the country of the Bellovaci and the Ambiani, the termination of « hich would be at Bononia {Bou- logne); and a fourth into Narbonensis and the Maa- saliot coast. Lugdunum was in fact the centre of Gallia^ a kind of acropolis ; and in the history of modem France its position has always been of the greatest importance. It was on the high road from North Italy into Crallia Transalpina and to the Ocean : for a carriage road led from Augusta Prae- toria {Aosta), over the Alps, to Lugdunum; and another, steep and short, from the same town, over the Pennine Alps, into the basin of the Leroan lake, •and thence to Lugdunum. This road over the Pen- nine Alps also passed to the Rhone or the Leman lake, after crossing which the traveller proceeded into the plaui oountiy of the Helvetii, whence there was a road over the Jura into the country of the Sequani and the Lingones. In the country of the Lingones the road divided; one branch led to the Ocean, and the other to the Rhone. Agrippa made a measurement of the whole ocean coast of Gallia, and of the coast of Narbonensis. 6ALUA TRAN& To thb time of Augustus we may certunly aartibe the Roman names of many of the Gallic tofwns. Caesar probably began the work, as we may infer from the name Julia, which appears in several pSaees. Juliomagus {Anffer), lor in«tinr<», was a site tltal Caesar had visited. Ctergovia, m the eoontiy of the Arvemi, where Caesar was defeated, lost its isnk; and the neighbouring dty of Augustooemetnm took its place. The capital of the Suessioneay Novioda- num, became Aogusta Sueasunom ; and Ibe capital of the barbarous Treviri, whose Galllic name ia m- known, became Augusta Treviromm. Bibracte, the capital of the Aedni, received the name of Aiigiiati>- dunum. Some of the old states were pat in the class of Foederati ; oibera were Liberi, as the Sei^- siani. (PUn. H. N. iv. 18.) The LingoOfea and the Remi, two people that had always been friendly t» Caesar in his Gallic wars, are mentioned by Pliny (iv. 17) among the Foederati The Ansci in Aquitania had the Latinitaa. [Auad.] The Bo- man civitas was sometimes coniferred on great la^ milies for their merit, that is, their a c ivicea to the Romans. Augustus made a eensus of the three Galliae (Liv. EpiL 134 ; Dion CaM. liii. 23) at the time when he visited Narboime, The object of this sus was taxation, for which purpose a r^pster made of the people and of all their properties. The Romanising of Ciallia under Augustas rapid, and the measures adopted for thia porpOBe were judicious. Schoob were established in the lax^ towns of the Provinda ; and Tacitus raentioDS An- gustodunum, the chief town of the Aedui, in the Lugdunensis, as a great school in the time of Tiberiia. (^fiM. iiL 40.) The Latin language took root in GaUia, and also Roman law; and both subsist to the present day. The religion of the Galli was an obstacle to Roman dviliaation; but the Banians were too prudent to attack the religion of a natioa openly. A kind of mixture of Gallic and Bemaa religion grew up in many of the towns, and temples to Roman deities were built in all the places vhert the Romans settled. Some curious proofii remain ef the blending of tlie two religions. On the site where the venerable cathedr J of Notre Dame «f Paris now stands, on the ancient island of Lntetia, once stood a temple whose sculptures indicate the blendii^ of the Roman and the Gallic supentiuona. But among tfie people of the countrj the old re- ligion maintained its ground, and it would be rvj difficult to say that all traces of it have yet en- tirely disappeared. The importance of padfyii^ and organising the Galliae explains why the pradcm emperor did not attack Britain. He was too busy in Gallia, and the invasion of Britain was not a l%ht matter. Augustus had also a decent excuse; fisr the Britons, it is said, sent him a pacific cmbassj. He made aseoond visit to Gallia in b. c. 16 to settie the disturbance that had risen on account of the census (Liv. Epit 137) and the tyranny of C Licinius his procurator (Dion Ca«s. liv. 2 1 X Dmsos, the step-sou of Augustus, completed the censos of the GaJliae, and he secured the defence of the Rhenish frontier by building numerous forta» chiefly along the left bank of the river. The Roman Itineraries along the west side of the Rhine, fma Lugdunum Batavorum southward, show the nome^ rous positions along this route, and indicate the origin of many modem towns. In the time of Ti- berius this bank of the river (Tadt ^im. iv. 5) was guarded by eight l^gionsy a force ahnost equal
