970 GALLIA TRAN& formation of the state of this floarifliiung city at that time. The original Roman settlera had tntennarried with the German Ubii, and they had become one people. There were duties lerwd on goods that passed through Cologne^ and doubtless on goods passing up and down the river. The Ubii consented to abolish these imposts, and to allow the Germana to pass through their town unarmed and in the day- time. The Agrii^nenses satisfied the Tenctheri by their concessions; and it was agreed that Civilis and Veledit should be the iritnesses to the compact. Commissioners from Cologne were sent with presents, and the business was amicably settled. But the holy woman could not be approached : sIm staid in a lofty tower; and one of her kinsmen brought to her the words of the commissioners, and carried back her answers, as if he were a messenger between a divi^ oity and men. (Tac. Hist, iv. 65.) The insurrection of the Batavians kid been pro- secuted with vigour and success. In the country of the Lingones it was a miserable fiiilnre, Julius Sa- binus, proclaiming himself Caesar, led a disorderly rabble into the territory of the Sequani; and the S^ qnani, fiiithfol to Rome, accepted the diallenge. The Lingones were routed, and Sabinus was one of the first to run. His fate does not concern us here, and his name might be forgotten but for the con < stancy and devotion of his wife Epponina for nine years, during which he lurked in his hiding-places, fihe was one of the illustrious women of Gallia; for it is one of the characteristics of the nati<m to pro- duce women above the common stamp. (Plut. Ama- tofnttf, vol. iv. ed. Wytt) The defeat of the Lingones and the news of the approach of tiio armies of Italy under Annius Gallus and Petilius Cerialis, checked the Gallic insurrection. Seven legions were marching upon Gallia: four from Italy, two from Spain, and one that was summoned from Britain. The Remi, who had received Caesar in a friendly manner when he first entered the country of the Belgae, summoned the Gallic states to deliberate on the question of pence or war. It seems probable that their object was to secure peace, and that they were resolved against war. The de- puty of the Treviri, a Gaul with a Roman name, Tnllius Valentinus, was the eager advorate of war; but he was more a man for words than for deeds. Julius Auspez, the orator of the Remi, spoke in favour of peace. The states were divided by in- terests and jealousies; there was discord among them before they had got the victory. (Tac. ffiat, iv. 69.) This meeting showed that a Gallic rebel- lion was impossible; for the Galli could not agree as to the conduct of the war, nor what they should do if the Romans were driven from the country. Nor was Rome yet so feeble as to fear the nations of the North. She hod good soldiers, able generals, and a man of ability as emperor. Civilis was engaged in a quarrel with a countryman, Iiabeo, who had a 4u}- tion of his own. Neither Chisidcus nor Tutor made any vigorous preparations to resist the Romans. Tutor met one division of the Roman army with the forces of the Treviri, Vangiones, Tribocci, and Caracates, the last a people who lived about Mahut; be had also some of the Roman soldiers who had taken the oath of fidelity to the Gallic empire. The Romans of Tutor deserted to the enemy, and the Germans followed their example^ Tutor, with his Treviri, retired to Bingiuro {Bingm) on the Rhine, where he was surprised and routed. Cerialis bad now got to Mognntiacom (Jdaw9 — a general fnll GALLIA TRANS. of confidence in himself and contempt tat the cMoiy:. He declined the aid which the states of GalUa waX^ and ordered their troops home: be told the GaSi they might turn to their usual occupatkos; he could finish the war himself. He pasaed from Mamg to Rigodulura on Uie J/oas^ wb«i!9 Valenti- nus had p^ted himself with a large force of Treviri, and fortified himself. Cerialis quickly dislodged him, and on the next day entered Cokxiiia Trevircv rum, the ancient city of TWer, on the Maael^ the capital of the Treviri With difficulty be prev^Aed his men from destroying a ci^ which was Uie native place of Classicns and Tutor. Cerialis sunznoDed the Treviri and Lingones to Trier. The qnech which Tacitus (ffitL iv. 73) has put in the seUier'a mouth is a woiiderfully brief and masterly oorapoci- tion, well suited to make the Galli satisfied with the Roman dominion, as the only meana of avesting anarchy, and to detach them from alliance with the Germans. The Treviri and Lingones wen w^ sa- tisfied to be told that they had better be obfrfiewit and enjoy what they had, than run the risk of loaiag all by perBcvering in their resistance. Thia was the end of the Gallic rising, which was not a national movement, but the rebellion of a few states. Ths real rebellion was among the Batarians and the Ger- man settlers in Gallia, though there were atiU earns Lingones in the army of Civilis. Civilis, with Classicns and Tutor, fell npoD tha camp of Cerialis near Trier; for CeriaUs, though ao able commander, was careless and a man of pSeasure. The enemy was not repelled. without difikolty. (Tac. Hist. iv. 77.) This failure of Civilis encouraged the Agrippinenses to come over to the Roman side^ which they had unwillingly deserted for the Gennni and Batavian alliance. They sent to offer to Ce- rialis the wife and sister of Civilis and the danghter of Claaaicus, who were with them, as hostages; and they massacred the Germans who were dispersed in the houses of the city. Fearing the vengeance tf Civilis, they sent for help to Cerialis. Civilis was marching upon Cologne^ hopng to find at Tolbiacnm {Zulpidi), in the territory of the colony, a cohort of Chauci and Frisii, on whom he greatly relied; but on the way he heard the nevrs of all these Gerrnans being destroyed by the treachery of the Agripfa- nenses. The Chauci and Frisii had been gorged with food and wine, and while they were drank and asleep the Agrippinenses dosed the doova of the place, set fire to it, snd burnt them all alive. (Tac. Hitt. iv. 79.) Civilis hastened to Coiogne, and this important city was sgain in the bands of the Romans. Cerialis carried the war into the. Insula Batavo- rum. Civilis at last came to terms, and obtained his pardon. The history of the last pari of this campaign is imperfect in Tacitus, whose work breaks off suddenly. (Sift. v. 25.) The political divisions of Gallia remained un- changed till the fourth centuiy of our aera. The origin of the new divbion is unknown. The history of the Galliae under Roman dominion belongs to the histoiy of tho Roman empire, and cannot be sepa- rated from it. The subject is instructive^ bat it be* longs to a different kind of work. This article, though long, ii not complete, hat perhaps complete enough for its purpose, sJid within such limits as are reasonable. The following re- ferenoes will be useful. There is a good article oa Fnmee in the Pemip Cyclopaedia, D'Anville, AV Uec ^ la GamU Anokm^i Thienyi Biatoirt d»
