EPHESUS. geognphical pooms in hexameter yerse. Strabo does not mention Callinns, and it wonld seem, that as he speaks of him elsewhere, he did not take him to be an Ephesian; and, among the men nearer his own time, he has not mentioned the geographer Artemi- dorus in this passage, though he does mention Arte- midorus, the same man, as being sent to Rome about the lakes and the rerenues from them. Accordingly, Koray and Groskurd suppose that the name Arte- midorus has dropped out of the MSS. of Strabo, and that Strabo must have mentioned him with Alex- ander the Light. When Strabo was at Epbesns, in the days of Augustus, tile town was in a stat» of great prospe- rity. The tradd- of Ephesus had extended so fu*, that the minium of Cappadocia, which used to be carried to Sinope, now went to Ephesus. Apameia, at the source of the Marsyas, was the second com- merciri place- n the Roman proyinca of Asia, Ephesus being the first, for it was the place that received all the commodities from Greece and Italy. (StraK pp. 540, 577.) There was a road from Ephesus to Antiocheia on the Maeander, through Magnesia on the Maeander^ Tralles, and Nysa. From Antiocheia the road went to Garura [Ca- ruba}, on the borders of Garia and Fhrygia. From Carora the toad was continue to- Laodiceia, Apa- meia, Metropolis, Ghelidonii (a corrupt word, which is supposed to represent Philomelium), and Ty- riaeum ; then it ran through Lycaonia through Laodiceia, the Burnt, to Goropassus; and from Goropassus, which was in Lycaonia, to Garsaura in Gappadocia, on the borders; then through Soandus and Sadakora to Mazaca [CaesaheaJ, the metro- tropolis of the Gappadocians ; and from Mazaca through Uerphae to Tomisa in Sophene. (Strab. pp. 647, 663.) It does not appear from Strabo how the Ephesii managed the affairs of the town in his time. He speaks of a senate (ytpovaia) being made by Lysi- machus, and the senate with certain persons called the Epifleti managed the affiurs of the city. We may conclude that it had a Boule, and also a Demos or popular assembly. A town clerk of Ephesus (ypafifiaT€vs)y a common functionary in Greek cities, is mentioned. (^Actso/the ApoH. xix. 35.) An imperfect inscription, copied by GhishuU (Trcmels in Turkey f &c. p. 20), shows that there was an ofiice (jStpx^^oyy in Ephesus for the registry of titles within the territory. In the time of Tiberius there were great com- plaints of the abuses of asyla. The Ephesii (^Tacit. ^nn. iii. 61) were heard before the Roman senate in defence of the asylum of Artemis, when they told the whole mythical story of the origin of the temple ; they also referred to what Hercules had done for the temple; and, coming nearer to the business, they said that the Persians had always respected it, and after them the Maced(miAns, and finally the Romans. Plu- tarch (Z>e vitando a9re alienOj c. 31) says that the temple was an asylum for debtors, and it is pro- bable that the precincts were generally well filled. In the reign of Nero, Barea Sonnus, during his go- vernment of Asia, tried to open the port, which the bad judgment of the king of Pergamum and his architects had spoiled. (Tacit. Attn, xvi. 23.) When St. Paul visited Ephesus (Acts of the Apott, xix.), one Demeans, " a silvorsmith which made silver shrines for Diana, brought no small gain unto the craflsmen.** He called his men toge- tbeTf and showed them that their trade was in EPHESUS. 837 danger from tlie preaching of Paul, who taught " that they be no gods, which are made with hands; so that not only this our crafl is in danger to bo set at nought; but also that the temple of the great goddess Diana should be despised, and her magnifi- cence should be destroyed, whom all Asia and the world worshippeth. The town derk, by a prudent and moderate speech, settled the tumult. Among other things, he told them that the image of Diana fell down from Jupiter. Pliny (xvi. ^J2) mentions 7^ an old wooden statue of Diana at Ephesus. Licinius ' Mucianns, a contemporary of Phny, had examined it, and he said that it had never been changed, though the temple had been restored seven times. The re- presentative of the Asiatic goddess was not that of the huntress Artemis of the Hellenes. Mtiller ob- serves that, '^Artemis, as the guardian of the Ephesian temple, which, according to the myth, was founded by the Amazons, appears in an Asiatic Amazonian costume. The worship of her image, which was widely spread, and in the later imperial period re- peated innumerable times in statues and on coins, is connected with the Hellenic representations of Ar- temis by no visible link.** {Handbuch der Archaeo^ , hgie.) The old statue that f ell down from Ju^ter | ' • ^may have b een a stone, an aerolite; and the wooden y y statue tnal JUuuiauus saw, yoifie vSry rude piece of work. According to Minucius Felix (c.21), the Ephesian Diana was represented with many breasts. (See the notes on Tacit. Ann. iii. 61, ed. Oberlin.) The apostle established a Ghristian church at Ephesus, and we learn from what he said to the dders of the church of Ephesus, when they met him at Miletus (^Acts, xx. 17 — 31), that he had lived there three years. He afterwards addressed a letter to the Ephesians, which forms part of the canonical New Testament. In the book of Revelations (ii. 1, &c.) the church of Ephesus is placed' first among the seven churches of Asia. The heathen and the Ghris- tian church of Ephesus subsisted together for some time. The great festival called rh Koivhv 'Afftas was held in several of the chief towns in turn, of which Ephesus was one. In a. d. 341 the third general council was held at Ephesus. The Asiarcha who are mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (xix. 31), on the occasion of the tumult in Ephesus, are probably, as Schleusner says, the representatives from the cities of Asia, who ha^' the charge of the re- ligious solemnities ; or th^y may have been the Asiarchs of Ephesus only. Under the Ghristian emperors Ephesus has the title oi ij vfytirri iced fieylarri foirpdiroKii Tijj *halas. The remains of Ephesus are partly buried in rubbish, and overgrown with vegetation. They are near a place now called Ayaadhtk. These remains have been visited and described by many travellers, but it is difBcult without a plan of the ground to understand the descriptions. Spon and Wheler visited the place in 1675, and described it after the fashion of that day (vol. i. p. 244). The ruins have also been described by GhishuU {TraioeU in Turkey, &c. p. 23, &c.), and at some length by Ghandler {Asic^ Minor^ c. 32, &c.), and by many other more recent travellers. The disappearance of such a huge mass as the temple of Diana can only be explained by the fact of the materials having been carried off for modem buildings; and probably this and other places near the coast supplied mA* terials for Gonstantinople. The sdl in tiie valley has also been raised by the alluvium of the river, and probably coven many old substructions. Tbs 3h 3 Y
