carried on, 1885–7, research work at Oxford and London bearing on old Persian philology and early Indian history : went to India for the same purpose : appointed, 1888, both Principal of the Oriental College and Registrar of the Panjab University at Lahore, which he held up to 1899 : utilized his leisure for philolgical and antiquarian labours, chiefly concerning the ancient history and geography of Kashmir and the Indian N.W. Frontier : he critically edited, 1892, Kalhana's Chronicle of Kashmir, the only truly historical text of Sanskrit literature : after protracted archaeological researches in Kashmir, published a full commentated translation, 1900 : in a separate publication he reconstructed the historical geography of Kashmir : by repeated archaeological tours along the Frontier he identified important old sites, especially in 1898 by penetrating with General Blood's Field Force into Buner, a tribal territory previously unsurveyed : also catalogued over 5,000 Sanskrit MSS. of the Raghunath Temple Library, at Jammu, In 1899 he entered the Indian Educational service as Principal of the Calcutta Madrasa : proceeded, 1900–1, on a year's journey of archaeological and geographical exploration in Chinese Turkestan : excavated a series of ancient sites buried under the sands of the Taklamakan Desert, in the region of Khotan : his discoveries, including hundreds of documents and MSS. in Indian scripts, Chinese and Tibetan, amongst them the oldest extant written specimens of these languages, have thrown new light on the Indian civilization which, together with Buddhism, flourished in E. Turkestan from the commencement of our era. The International Orientalist Congress of 1902 recognized the important archaeological results of his expedition : for his geographical explorations in the Eastern Pamirs and the Kuen-luen Range he was awarded the Back Grant by the R. Geographical Society : employed as Inspector of Schools in the Panjab, 1901–2 : deputed to England, 1902, to elaborate the scientific results of his journey : the personal narrative of the latter appeared in 1903 : returned to India, 1904, as Inspr-General of Education and Archaeological Surveyor of the N.W. Frontier Provinces and Baluchistan : towards the end of 1904 explored the historically important and previously inaccessible hill tract of Mahaban, across the Peshawar border : among his publications are : Zoroastrian Deities on Indo-Scythian Coins, 1887; Kalhana's Rajatarangini, a Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir, Sanskrit text, 1892 : commentated translation with numerous appendices, 1900 : Catalogue of the Sanskrit MSS. in the Raghunatha Temple Library, 1894; Memoir on the Ancient Geography of Kashmir, 1899; Sandburied ruins of Khotan, 1903 : and numerous papers in the Journals of learned Societies.
STEINGASS, FRANCIS JOSEPH (1825–1903)
Born at Frankfort-on-Maine, March 16, 1825 : educated at Munich : Ph.D. : to England about 1870 : Professor of Modern Languages at Birmingham : Pro- fessor of the same, and Resident Lecturer on Arabic Languages, Literature, and Law at the Oriental Institute, Woking : acquainted with 14 languages, especially Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit : published dictionaries, English-Arabic, Arabic-English, Persian-English : and other Arabic works : assisted in Hughes' Dictionary of Islam : died Jan. 1903.
STEINS, RIGHT REV. WALTER. D.D. (1810–1867)
Vicar Apostolic of Bombay, May 3, 1861, to Jan II, 1867 : born at Amsterdam, July I, 1810 : entered Society of Jesus, Dec. 6, 1832 (Dutch Province) : arrived in India, Jan. 5, 1853 : left Bombay in 1867, when he became Vicar Aposotlic of Western Bengal : died March 31, 1867.
STENZLER, ADOLF FRIEDRICH (1807–1887)
Born July 9, 1807, at Wolgast, in Swedish Pomerania : where, in his early education, he showed his inclination for Oriental languages : educated also at Friedland in Mecklenburg till 1826, and at Greifswald University, at Berlin and at Bonn, where he studied under Schlegel, Freytag, and Lassen in Sanskrit : at Paris, 1829, studied under De Lacy and Burnouf : left Paris, in the disturbances of 1830, for London : associated with Orientalists : translated Kalidas's Raghuvansa : Professor of Oriental Languages at Breslau, 1832–3, and first Professor of
