till four or five o'clock, was removed into the Lady-chapel of the abbey. Early next morning (30 Nov. 1530) it was interred. It was found that he had worn a hair shirt next his skin underneath another of fine linen.
Wolsey's features are familiar in portraits which have often been engraved, and which are all of one type, giving the face in profile. There are paintings in the National Portrait Gallery, London; at Christ Church, Oxford; at Hampton Court; and in the Royal College of Physicians. Others belong to Sir Spencer Ponsonby-Fane, and to T. L. Thurlow, esq. (ascribed to Holbein). Among the more notable engravings are those by Elstracke, Faber, Houbraken, Loggan, and Vertue (Cat. First Loan Exhib. Nos. 130, 148; Tudor Exhib. Nos. 87, 109, 119; Bromley, Cat. Engr. Portr. p. 14). The full face, however, is shown in a likeness, scarcely known hitherto, preserved at Arras in a volume of early portraits drawn in pencil and chalk from original paintings. It has a younger look than the face in the other portraits, but in other respects it is much the same, round and fleshy, only without the wart shown in some pictures.
Wolsey left behind him a son and a daughter, both by one Lark's daughter, to whom it may be presumed he was uncanonically married, as many priests were considered to be in those days. The mother was afterwards married to ‘one Leghe of Aldington,’ and the cardinal's after life was certainly not pure. The son, who was named Thomas Wynter, was carefully educated by his father, and provided with many valuable preferments, among them the deanery of Wells and the archdeaconries of Richmond, York, Norfolk, and Suffolk, all of which he resigned in 1528 or 1529 (Le Neve). From 1537 to 1543 he held the archdeaconry of Cornwall (Brewer, Introd. to Letters and Papers, vol. iv. pp. dcxxxvi–viii; Lansd. MS. 979, f. 195). The daughter became a nun at Shaftesbury.
[Cavendish's Life of Wolsey is the chief authority for his personal history. Dyce's Poetical Works of John Skelton, and William Roy's Rede me and be nott wrothe (ed. Arber), contain personal descriptions animated by spiteful satire. Equally malicious are the two contemporary historians, viz. Polydori Vergilii Anglicæ Historiæ liber xxvii., and Hall's Chronicle. Rawdon Brown's Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII; History of Grisild the Second (Roxburghe Club); Letters and Papers, Richard III and Henry VII (Rolls Ser.); Cal. Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, vols. i–iv.; State Papers, Spanish vols. ii–iv., Venetian vols. ii–iv.; Rymer's Fœdera, 1st ed., vols. xiii. xiv.; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy; Lanz's Correspondenz Karls V; Law's Hist. of Hampton Court. Of lives later than that of Cavendish there is one in poetry by Thomas Storer (1599) of little value; and others by Richard Fiddes, D.D., Joseph Grove, and John Galt the novelist. That of Fiddes shows most research for its time, but all are very inadequate now, when so much has been revealed from state papers. The only account of Wolsey's career embodying this information is contained in Brewer's Reign of Henry VIII; but a more condensed view of it will be found in the short biography of Dr. Mandell Creighton, formerly bishop of London (Twelve English Statesmen). Much more, however, has been disclosed, even since Brewer wrote, and his work has meanwhile given rise to much valuable criticism, especially by Dr. Busch in four different tracts, viz., Drei Jahre englischer Vermittlungspolitik, 1518–21 (Bonn, 1884); Cardinal Wolsey und die englische kaiserliche Allianz, 1522–5 (Bonn, 1884); and two articles in the Historisches Taschenbuch, vols. viii. and ix., on Henry's divorce and the fall of Wolsey. Jaqueton's La Politique Extérieure de Louise de Savoie criticises both Brewer and Busch in some points. With regard to the divorce question, most important new matter has been published by Dr. Stephan Ehses in Römische Dokumente (Görres-Gesellschaft, Paderborn, 1893), with valuable criticisms in articles in the Historisches Jahrbuch, vols. ix. and xiii. (1888 and 1892), of which the bearings are discussed in three articles in the English Historical Review (October 1896, and January and July 1897). On Wolsey's fall see Transactions of Royal Historical Society, new ser. xiii. 75–102.]
WOLSTAN. [See Wulfstan and Wulstan.]
WOLSTENHOLME, DEAN, the elder (1757–1837), animal painter, was born in Yorkshire. Most of his early life was spent in Essex and Hertfordshire. He resided successively at Cheshunt, Turnford, and Waltham Abbey. His early life was rather that of an enthusiastic sportsman than of an artist, though he occasionally produced representations of a few sporting subjects with such success that Sir Joshua Reynolds is said to have predicted that he would be a painter in earnest before he died. In 1793 he became involved in litigation over some property at Waltham, and after three unsuccessful chancery suits was left with means so encumbered that he adopted painting as a profession.
About 1800 he came to London and settled in East Street, Red Lion Square. In 1803 he exhibited his first picture (‘Coursing’) at the Royal Academy. From this year to 1824 a long series of animal pictures from his hand appeared at the academy.
