Page:Dictionary of aviation.djvu/13

sides the symbols (letters) for indicating the basic sound-qualities, which constitute the gammakap proper, this universal system includes, of course, other symbols (modifiers), for indicating voicelessness, nasality, and whisper, and the various degrees of length, stress, and pitch. The second table shows the letters of the English gammakap, with examples of words containing the sounds which the letters represent. In a few cases, examples from foreign languages have been added, to show the occurrence of practically the same sounds in those tongues.

UNIVERSAL GAMMAKAP

Letters inclosed in curvs ( ) indicate sounds made portly in the position where their letters are so inclosed, but mainly in the position where the same Irtters appear without curvs

	ORGANS		Throat	Soft and Hard Palate			Teeth		Lips
				Back	Central	Front	or Gums	and Lip
Stridents	Wholly closed, then opened		�	Gq gk	gK	jc	dt DT		bp
										Rounded
	Struck or trild		Q	R K			� � � �
							�			Rounded
	So close as to produce friction		h � H	� � G X		j ç	r r ��������	vf	�vw���
				�� (w �)		(��)	������			Rounded
Sonorants	Nose-passage open			��		��	��	��	��
										Rounded
	Open at sides (of tongue) only			��		��	����
										Rounded
	Open at top (of tongue) only						��
										Rounded
Resonants	High	Close		�	�	�
				�	�	�				Rounded
		Open		�	�	�
				�	�	�				Rounded
	Mid	Close		�	�	�
				�	�	�				Rounded
		Open		�	�	�
				�	�	�				Rounded
	Low	Close		�	�	�
				�	�	�				Rounded
		Open		�	�	�
				�	�	�				Rounded