§25. REGULAR VERBS
There are four classes of regular verbs. All have a vowel before the inf ending -ть. Class One, by far the largest, includes all regular verbs whose inf does not end in -овать (-евать), -нуть, or -ить. Class Two contains those in -овать (-евать), Class Three those in -нуть, and Class Four those in -ить.
Class One. The pr stem is formed by adding [y] to the inf stem: читать "to read," inf stem [čita-], pr stem [čitay-].
The pr has the following endings:
| S1 | [-u] | читаю |
| 2 | [-još] | читаешь |
| 3 | [-jot] | читает |
| P1 | [-jom] | читаем |
| 2 | [-jotji] | читаете |
| 3 | [-ut] читают |
The S2 ending is written with ь. The full forms of the endings do not appear here or in Class Two, since the endings are unstressed (and come after [y]); they appear in Class Three.
The imv S2 is merely the stem: читай; the P2 adds [-tji]: читайте.
The frap is formed with [-ušč]: читающий.
The prger has the ending [-a]: читая.
The prpp is formed with [-jom]: читаемый.
The remaining forms are made from the inf stem.
The inf has the ending [-tj]: читать.
The p adds [-l] and then F [-a], N [-o], P [-ji]: читал, читала, читало, читали. Note that the P ending differs from np [-i] of nouns and sh P [-i] of adjectives.
The pap is formed with [-iš]: читавший.
The pger ends in [-iši] or, when the refl suffix is not present, in [-i]: прочитавши, прочитав.
The ppp is formed with [-n] but the long forms are spelled with нн: прочитанный, sh прочитан, прочитана.
The stress is on the stem and stays on the same syllable in all forms: делать "to do," делаю; белеть "to get white," белею; знать "to know," знаю. Only verbs in stressed -ать draw back the stress to the preceding syllable in the ppp: читать, прочитанный; this happens even in one-syllable verbs that have a preverb with a vowel in it: узнать "to recognize": узнанный; some of these have stress on the sh F ending: узнан, узнана, узнано, узнаны (which is then indicated in the dictionary).
The dictionary makes no comment on regular verbs of Class One, except for a few that end in -овать, -евать as though they belonged to Class Two: здороваться "to exchange greetings," where the pr S1 and S3 are given: здороваться, -ваюсь, -вается; also, there are a few in [-atj] which do not retract the stress in the ppp: изваять "to sculpt," изваянный.
Class Two. The inf stem ends in [ova]; in the pr stem this is replaced by [uy]: радовать "to gladden," inf stem [radova-], pr stem [raduy-]. Otherwise the inflection is exactly as in Class One: pr радую, радует, imv радуй, prap радующий, p радовал, радовала, ppp обрадованный.
After soft consonants and ж, ц, ш the spelling goes by the usual rules: переночевать "to stay overnight."
Verbs in stressed [ovatj] stress the [uy] in the pr stem and draw back the stress in the ppp: переночую; образовать "to educate": образую, образует, образуй, образовал, образовала, but образованный "educated."
Class Three. The inf stem ends in [nu]; the pr stem drops the [u], ending in [n]: кинуть "to throw," inf stem [kjinu-], pr stem [kjin-]: pr кину, кинешь, кинет, кинем, кинете, кинут; note that the four endings which we write with [j] make the [n] soft: [kjinu, kjinj't].
The imv adds [-j]: кинь, киньте. If there is a consonant before the [n], the imv adds [-ji]: дёрнуть "to pull," дёрни, дёрните.
P кинул, кинула, -о, -и.
The ppp is formed with [-t]: кинутый.
Verbs whose inf stem has stressed [nu] stress the endings in the pr stem, take [-ji] in the imv, and draw back the stress in the ppp: вернуть "to bring back," верну, вернёшь, вернёт, вернём, вернёте, вернут (here we see the full forms of the pr endings [vjirnu, vjirnjot]); верни, верните; вернул, вернула; повёрнутый "turned." The dictionary tells whether unstressed e of the stem appears in the ppp as е or as ё.
A few verbs of Class Three in stressed [nu] draw back the stress also in the five pr forms other than S1, and in the prap: тянуть "to pull," тяну, тянешь, тянет, тянем, тянете, тянут; тяни; тянущий; тянул, тянула; потянутый. The dictionary shows this by giving the pr S1 and S3: тянуть, тяну, тянет.
Class Four. The inf stem ends in [i], before which there is always a soft consonant or ж, ш; the pr stem drops this [i], but most of its endings contain the vowel [i]: мерить "to measure." inf stem [mjerji-], pr stem [mjerj-].
The pr has the following endings:
| S1 | [-u] | мерю |
| 2 | [-iš] | меришь |
| 3 | [-it] | мерит |
| P1 | [-im] | мeрим |
| 2 | [-itji] | мерите |
| 3 | [-ut, -at] | мерят |
The P3 ending is spelled -ят (-at), but is usually pronounced [-'t], as [mjerj't] rather than [mjerj't].
The imv has no ending after a single consonant, but [-i] after a cluster: мерь, мерьте, but чистать "to clean," чисти, чистите.
The prap is formed with [-ašč]: мерящий.
The prger has [-a]: меря.
The prpp is formed with [-im]: меримый.
The p forms and pap and pger are made as in the other classes: мерил, мерила, -о, -и; меривший, смеривши or смерив.
The ppp drops [i] and adds [-en], spelled in the long forms with нн: смеренный, смерен, смерена.
Verbs whose inf stem has stressed [i] have either fixed or shifting stress.
Those with fixed stress stress the endings in the forms from the pr stem and in the sh forms of the ppp; in the imv they have [-i]: веселить "to make cheerful": веселю, веселишь, веселит, веселим, веселите, веселят; the P3 ending is pronounced [-at], as spelled: [vj'sjiljat]; весели, веселите; веселящий, веселя, веселимый; веселил, веселила, -о, -и; веселивший, развеселивши or развеселив; развеселённый, sh развеселён, развеселена, -о, -ы.
Those with shifting stress draw back the stress in the five pr forms other than S1 and in the ppp: хвалить "to praise": хвалю, хвалишь, хвалит, хвалим, хвалите, хвалят [xvalj't];
