320 SCALPING NOT UNIVKKSALr. recorded who treated their he lis in suoa m inner. That the reader may have no doubt of this peculiar assertion, a few citations from the extant writing of men who saw them in their native villages in Kansas. Catlin says: "The Osages shave their heads." In the official acjcount of the Long Expedition, this sentence is found: "They pluck all their hair, even the eye brows, and auUa (under the arms), and pube." Father De Smet says: "They have their heads shav- ed contrary to the customs of other tribes. " Hubert Howe Bancroft, in his "Native Races," wi:ites: "The Comanches take a few scalps for the purxx)se of being used at the war dance when victorious." The same author says: "The practice of scalping among the California Indians was not universal, but was practic- ed in some localities; they cut off hands and feet." Here is what is found in the Smithsonian 14th Annual Report of Ethnology: "It is to be noted that the Osages beheaded the Kiowas without scalping them. This the Kiowa says was a general Kiowa practice; in fact, according to Kiowa, the Osag^NEVEX scalp 3d his enemies, but cut off the heads, and ieft them unscalp- ed upon the field. They kept tally of the number killed, however, and when an Osage warrior had killed four, he painted a blue half circle curved downward upon his breast. " Also the same work states: "The Dakota at an early period used to do likewise and not scalp." The 14th Smithsonian Ethnology recites that in 1775 the British called all the Indians from the Lakes to the Gdlf , distributed aU kinds of articles, and of- fered rewards for American scalps; ib. further re-
